75b 


EARTH 
SCIENCES 

LIBRARY 


WORKS  OF 
THE   LATE    S.    L.    PENFIELD 

PUBLISHED  BY 

JOHN  WILEY  &  SONS 


Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of 
Mineral  Tests. 

8vo.     Paper,  50  cents  net. 

Tables  of  Minerals,  including  the  Uses  of  Minerals 
and  Statistics  of  the  Domestic  Production. 

Second  Edition,  Reset.  8vo,  vi  +  88  pages. 
Cloth,  $1.00. 

REVISION. 
Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy. 

With  an  introduction  on  Blowpipe  Analysis. 
By  George  J.  Brush,  Director  of  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  of  Yale  University.  Revised 
and  enlarged  by  Samuel  L.  Penfield.  Sixteenth 
Edition.  8vo,  x  +  312  pages,  including  375 
figures  and  57  tables  for  the  determination  of 
mineral  species  by  means  of  simple  chemical  ex- 
periments in  the  wet  and  dry  way  and  by  their 
physical  properties.  Cloth.  $4.00. 


TABLES  OF  MINERALS 


INCLUDING    THE 


Uses  of  Minerals  and  Statistics  of  the 
Domestic   Production 


BY 


SAMUEL  LEWIS  PENFIELD,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Late   Professor  of  Mineralogy  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale   University,   1888-1906 


SECOND    EDITION 
FIRST  THOUSAND 


NEW    YORK 

JOHN  WILEY  &  SONS 

London:    CHAPMAN   &   HALL,    Limited 
1907 


Copyright,  1907 

BY 

GRACE  C.  PENFIELD 


PREFACE   TO   FIRST   EDITION. 

The  minerals  are  arranged  in  the  tables  as  follows: 

I.  According  to  the  six  systems  of  crystallization  and  their 
prominent  subdivisions,  the  minerals  of  each  subdivision  being 
arranged  in  accordance  with  the  chemical  classification  as  adopted 
by  Dana. 

II.  According  to  the  elements,  emphasis  being  given  to  min- 
erals which  are  important  from  an  economic  standpoint. 

III..  With  reference  to  geological  occurrence  and  association. 

Minerals  are  given  three  ranks  in  the  tables,  indicated  by  the 
type  used  in  printing  the  names  of  the  species,  as  follows: — 
(i)  Minerals  of  the  .first  rank  are  either  very  common,  or  espe- 
cially important  from  a  scientific  or  geological  standpoint,  and 
their  names  are  printed  in  heavy  type,  capital  letters.  (2)  Min- 
erals which  are  of  rather  rare  occurrence,  including  some  very 
rare  species  provided  they  are  especially  important  from  an 
economic  or  scientific  standpoint,  are  given  a  second  rank,  and 
their  names  are  printed  in  heavy  type,  capital  and  small  letters. 
(3)  The  names  of  rarer  and  less  important  species,  constituting  a 
third  rank,  are  printed  in  small  type.  All  of  the  important 
minerals  (450  species)  are  included  in  the  tables,  and  generally 
very  rare  species  have  been  omitted,  except  where  chemical  com- 
position or  some  pronounced  features  have  given  them  special 
significance.  The  weighting  of  the  minerals,  or  assignment  to 
first,  second  or  third  rank,  is  an  arbitrary  matter,  based  upon  the 
writer's  experience,  but  it  is  believed  that  students  will  appreciate 
this  feature  of  the  tables,  enabling  them  almost  at  a  glance  to 
form  some  estimate  of  the  relative  importance  of  the  several 
species. 

S.  L.  PENFIELD/ 

MlNERALOGICAL  LABORATORY  OF  THE  SHEFFIELD 
SCIENTIFIC  SCHOOL  OF  YALE  UNIVERSITY,  1903. 


PREFACE   TO    SECOND    EDITION. 

THE  "Tables  of  Minerals"  was  written  by  Prof.  Penfield  in 
1903  for  use  in  connection  with  lectures  on  Descriptive  Miner- 
alogy in  this  School  and  has  been  used  by  successive  classes  since 
then.  The  present  edition  has  been  carefully  revised,  chiefly 
in  the  matter  of  bringing  the  statistics  of  mineral  production 
down  to  date.  Acknowledgment  is  gratefully  made  of  the  assist- 
ance of  Dr.  George  F.  Kunz,  who  kindly  furnished  the  figures  for 
the  values  of  the  gem  stones. 

Part  III  of  the  Tables  has  been  rewritten  and  enlarged,  with 
the  purpose  of  making  that  section  more  useful  to  students  who 
have  only  a  slight  knowledge  of  geology  or  petrology. 

W.  E.  FORD. 

MlNERALOGICAL  LABORATORY  OF  THE  SHEFFIELD 
SCIENTIFIC  SCHOOL  OF  YALE  UNIVERSITY,  JUNE  1907. 

819503 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  MINERALS  ACCORDING  TO  THE  Six  SYSTEMS  OF 
CRYSTALLIZATION. 


Isometric  System 3 

Tetragonal  System 7 

Hexagonal  System 9 

Hexagonal-rhombohedral  System 10 

Orthorhombic  System 13 


PAGE 


Monoclinic  System 18 

Triclinic  System 22 

Minerals  which  are  Amorphous/Mas- 
sive,or  of  Uncertain  Crystallization  23 


PART   II. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  MINERALS  ACCORDING  TO  THE  ELEMENTS, 
WITH  USES  AND  STATISTICS. 


Aluminium 25 

Antimony 26 

Arsenic 27 

Barium 27 

Beryllium 27 

Bismuth 28 

Boron 28 

Bromine 29 

Cadmium 29 

Caesium 29 

Calcium 29 

Carbon 31 

Cerium 32 

Chlorine 32 

Chromium 32 

Cobalt 33 

Copper 33 

Fluorine 34 

Gold' 35 

Iodine 36 

Indium 36 

Iron 36 

Lead 38 

Lithium 39 

Magnesium 39 

Manganese 40 


Mercury 41 

Molybdenum 41 

Nickel 42 

Niobium 42 

Nitrogen 43 

Osmium 43 

Oxygen 44 

Phosphorus 44 

Platinum 45 

Potassium 46 

Selenium 47 

Silicon 47 

Silver 49 

Sodium 50 

Strontium 51 

Sulphur : 52 

Tantalum 52 

Tellurium 53 

Thallium 53 

Tin 53 

Titanium 54 

Tungsten 54 

Uranium 55 

Vanadium 55 

Zinc..: 56 

Zirconium 56 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


PART  III. 

USEFUL  MINERALS. 


PAGE 

Abrasives 57 

Asbestos 58 

Cement 58 

Clay 59 

Feldspar 59 

Flint 59 

Fullers  Earth  . .  60 


PAOS 

Gem  Minerals 61 

Granite 64 

Mica 64 

Ornamental  Stones 65 

Slate 66 

Talc 67 


PART  IV. 

LISTS  OF  MINERALS  ACCORDING  TO  GEOLOGICAL  OCCURRENCE  AND 
ASSOCIATION. 


Igneous  Rocks. 69 

Sedimentary  Rocks 71 

Metamorphic  Rocks 72 

Principal  Rock-making  Minerals. .  .  73 


Accessory      Minerals,      Commonly 

Found  in  Rocks 75 

Veins  and  Vein  Minerals 76 

Minerals    Resulting    from   Contact 
Metamorphism 78 


SYNOPSIS    OF   THE    CHEMICAL   CLASSIFICATION   OF 

DANA. 

1.  Native  Elements. 

2.  Sulphides,  Selenides,  Tellufides,  Arsenides,  Antimonides. 

3.  Sulpharsenites,  Sulphantirnonites,  Sulphobismuthites. 

4.  Chlorides,  Bromides,  Fluorides. 

5.  Oxides. 

6.  Carbonates. 

7.  Silicates,  Titanates. 

8.  Niobates,  Tantalates. 

9.  Phosphates,  Arsenates,  Vanadates. 

10.  Borates. 

11.  Uranates. 

12.  Sulphates,  Chromates. 

13.  Tungstates,  Molybdates. 

2 


TABLES  OF  MINERALS. 


PART  I.    - 

ARRANGEMENT    OF    MINERALS    ACCORDING    TO    THE 
SIX  SYSTEMS  OF  CRYSTALLIZATION. 

NOTE. — The  chief  object  of  tables  of  this  kind  is  that  they 
may  serve  as  a  guide  and  reference -list  to  accompany  lectures  on 
crystallography  and  descriptive  mineralogy.  In  a  measure,  also, 
the  tables  may  be  made  the  basis  of  determinative  mineralogy, 
for  if  it  is  discovered  that  a  mineral  crystallizes  in  a  certain 
system,  the  list  of  minerals  in  that  system  may  be  studied  and  the 
name  of  the  species  found  by  comparison  either  with  labeled 
specimens  or  with  descriptions  as  given  in  the  texts  referred  to. 


ISOMETRIC  SYSTEM;    NORMAL  GROUP. 

NOTE. — The  pyritohedral  and  tetrahedral  groups  are  tabulated 
separately,  while  a  few  minerals  belonging  to  the  rarer  plagihedral 
division  are  included  in  the  normal  group. 

Elements. 

T.  B.  *Sys. 


I. 

DIAMOND,  C    (perhaps  tetrahedral),      . 

.      271, 

3 

2. 

GOLD,  Au,  always  with  some  Ag,     . 

•      275, 

14 

3- 

SILVER,  Ag,        .       .       .       .       .       .       . 

.      278, 

19 

4- 

COPPER,  Cu,       ....... 

•      278, 

20 

5- 

Platinum,  Pt,       

280, 

25 

6. 

Iron,  Fe  with  Ni,  both  terrestrial  and  meteoric, 

.      281, 

28 

*  The  columns  of  numbers  headed  T.  B.  and  Sys.  refer  respectively  to 
the  pages  of  Dana's  Text-Book  of  Mineralogy  and  System  of  Mineralogy  on 
which  descriptions  of  the  species  may  be  found. 

3 


ISOMETRIC    SYSTEM. 


I. 

2. 

Sulphides,  Selenides,  Tellurides. 

GALENA,  Pb  S,  often  carrying  Ag, 
Altaite,  Pb  Te,     
Argentite,  Ag2  S,        

T.B. 

.        287, 
.        288, 
.        288, 

Sys. 
48 

51 

4- 
c. 

Hessite,  Ag2  Te,  

Petzite,  (Ag,  Au)2  Te,         .        .        .        .        . 

.        289, 
280, 

47 

6. 

7- 

Berzelianite,  Cu2  Se,    .        .        . 
Crookesite,  (Cu,  Tl,  Ag)2  Se,      . 

289, 
289, 

52 
54 

8. 

0. 

Pentlandite,  (Ni,  Fe)S,      ..... 
BORNITE,  Cu5  Fe  S4,        

•        293, 
207 

65 

77 

IO. 

Linnaeite,  Co3  S4=  CoS  .  Co2  S3, 

78 

II. 

12. 

Argyrodite,  Agg  Ge  Se=4  Ag2  S  .  Ge  S2,  . 
Canfieldite,  Ag8  Sn  S6=4  Ag2  S  .  Sn  S2,   . 

.     316, 
.     316, 

!i° 

Chlorides,  Bromides,  Fluorides. 

1.  HALITE,  NaCl, 318,154 

2.  SYLVITE,  KC1  (plagihedral), 318,156 

3.  Cerargyrite,  Ag  Cl,     .  319,  158 

4.  Embolite,  Ag  (Cl,  Br),       .        .        .        .        .        .  319,  159 

5.  Nantokite,  Cu  Cl, 317,   154 


6.  Percylite  (Boleite),  Pb  Cu  C12  [OH]2,        .        .        .      322,172 

7.  FLUORITE,  Ca  F2, 320,   161 

8.  Ralstonite  (Na2,  Mg)  F2  .  3  Al  (F,   OH)3  .  2H2O,  .      323,   181 

Oxides. 

1.  Arsenolite,  As2  O3,      .        .        .        .        .        .        .      330,   198 

2.  Senarmontite,  Sb2  O3, 330,   198 


3.     CUPRITE,  Cu2  O  (plagihedral),       ....      331,206 


4.  Periclase,  Mg  O, 331,   207 

5.  Manganosite,  Mn  0,    .        .        .        .        .        .        .332,  207 

Spinel  Group.     R"R2'"04  or  R"0  .  R2'"O3. 

6.  SPINEL,  Mg  A12  O4,  Fe  iso.  w.  Mg,  .        .        .        .  338,  220 

7.  Gahnite,  Zn  A12  O4,  Fe  and  Mn  iso.  w.  Zn,     .        .  339,  223 

8.  MAGNETITE,  Fe  Fe2  O4, 339,  224 

9.  Franklinite,  (Fe,  Mn,  Zn)  (Fe,  Mn)2  O4,        .        .  341,  227 
10.  CHROMITE,  (Fe,  Mg)  Cr2  O4,         ....  341,228 


ISOMETRIC    SYSTEM.  5 

Carbonates. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     Northupite,  Mg  CO3  .  Na2  CO3  .  Na  Cl,    .                .  364,     — 

Metasilicates. 

1.  LEUCITE,  KAl[SiO3]2, 381,342 

2.  ANALCITE,  Na  Al  [Si  O3]2  .  H2O,     ....  460,  595 

3.  Pollucite,  H2  Cs4  Al4[SiO3]9, 382,343 

Ortho  silicates. 

1.  Sodalite,  Na4  [Al  Cl]  A12  [Si  O4]3 412,429 

2.  Haiiynite,  [Na2,  Ca]2  [Al .  NaSO4]  A12  [SiO4]3,           .  412,  431 

3.  Lazurite,  Na4  [Al  .  Na  S3]  A12  [Si  O4]3>      .        .        .  413,432 


4.  GARNET 

GROUP, 

R3"R2'"[Si04]3 


Grossularite,  Ca3  Al2[SiO4]3,    .      415,  437 

Pyrope,  Mg3  A12  [Si  O4]3 

Almandite,  Fe3  A12  [Si  O4]3 

Spessartite,  Mn3  A12  [Si  O4]3 

Andradite,  Ca3  Fe2  [Si  O4]3 

Uvarovite,  Ca3  (Cr,  Al)2  [Si  O4]3 


Titanates,  Manganates. 

1.  Perovskite,  Ca  Ti  O3, 487,   722 

2.  Bixbyite,  Fe  Mn  O3=  Fe  O  .  Mn  O2,  .        .        .        .      343,     — 

Niobates,  Tantalates. 

1.  Pyrochlore,  R  Nb2  O6  .  R  (Ti,  Th)  O3  .  R=  Ca,  Ce, 

and  Na2, 489,  726 

2.  Microlite,  Ca2  Ta2  O7 489,   728 

Uranates. 

i.     Uraninite,  UO3  and  UO2,  with  Th,  Y,  Ce,  Pb,  He, 

Ra, ...      521,  889 

Sulphates, 
i.     Sulphohalite,  2  Na2  SO4  .  Na  Cl  .  Na  F,  .        .        .      530,  917 


>  ISOMETRIC    SYSTEM. 

ISOMETRIC  SYSTEM;     PYRITOHEDRAL  GROUP. 

Sulphides,  Arsenides,  Antimonides. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

1.  PYRITE,  FeS2,  . 300,     84 

2.  Hauerite,  Mn  82, 301,     87 

3.  Smaltite,  Co  As2, 301,     87 

4.  Chloanthite,  Ni  As2, 301,     87 

5.  Cobaltite,  Co  As  S, 301,     89 

6.  Qersdorffite,  Ni  As  S, 302,     90 

7.  Ullmannite,  Ni  Sb  S, 302,     91 

8.  Sperrylite,  Pt  As2, 302,     92 

Sulphates. 

i.     Kalinite,  Alum,  KA1[SO4]2  .  i2H2O,    .        .        .  535,951 

ISOMETRIC    SYSTEM;     TETRAHEDRAL    GROUP. 

Sulphides,  Selenides. 

1.  SPHALERITE,  Zn  S,  with  isomorphous  Fe  and 

Cd,      .......:..  291,     59 

2.  Tiemannite,  Hg  Se,  S  iso.  w.  Se,       ....  292,     63 

3.  Onofrite,  Hg  (S,  Se), 292,     64 

4.  Alabandite,  Mn  S, 292,     64 

Sulphantimonites ,  Sulpharsenites . 

1.  TETRAHEDRITE,  Cu8  Sb2  S7=4  Cu2  S  .  Sb2  S3,  312,  137 

2.  TENNANTITE,  Cu8  As2  S7=  4  Cu2  S  .  As2  S3,         .  313,  137 

Chlorides,  Bromides,  Iodides. 

1.  Marshite,  Cu  I, 317,     — 

2.  Miersite,  4  Ag  I  .  Cu  I,        .' 319, 

Ortho *  silicates . 

1.  Helvite,  (Mn,  Fe)2  (Mn2  S)  Be3  [Si  O4]3,   .        •        •  414,  434 

2.  Eulytite,  Bi4  [Si  0^3, 414,  436 

3.  Zunyite,  [Al  .  2  (OH,  F,  Cl)]6  A12  [Si  O4]3,         .        .  414,  436 

Phosphates,  Ar senates. 

i.     Pharmacosiderite,  Fe  [Fe  .  OH]3  [As  O4]3  .  6  H2O,  .  513,  847 

B  orates. 

i.     Boracite,  Mg7  C12  B16  O30, 518,879 


TETRAGONAL    SYSTEM.  7 

TETRAGONAL  SYSTEM;    NORMAL  GROUP. 

Sulphides. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     Stannite,  Cu2  FeSnS4=Cu2S  .  FeS.  SnSa,  .        .      315,     83 


Chlorides. 

I. 

Calomel,  Hg  Cl,    

•      3i7»  153 

2 

Matlockite   Pb2  O  C12,         .        . 

322,     I  60 

Oxides,  and  closely  related  Silicates  and  Phosphates. 

Hausmannite,  Mn3  04, 342,  230 

Braunite,  Mn  Mn  O3,  with  Mn  Si  O3,  343,  232 

Octahedrite,  TiO2, .      346,  240 


4.  CASSITERITE,  Sn  O2  or  Sn  Sn  O4,         ...  344,  234 

5.  RUTILE,  Ti  02  or  Ti  Ti  O4,      .                               .  345,  237 

6.  Polianite,  Mn  O2  or  Mn  Mn  O4,          .        .        .        .  345,   236 

7.  Plattnerite,  Pb  O2  or  Pb  Pb  O4,        ....  346,239 

8.  ZIRCON,  Zr  Si  O4, 429,  482 

9.  Thorite,  Th  Si  O4, 430,  488 

10.  Xenotime,  Y  P  O4, 494,  748 

Carbonates. 

i.  Phosgenite,  [Pb  Cl]2  CO3,  . 364,292 

Silicates. 

1.  Hardy stoni te,  Ca2  Zn  Si2  O7,      .        .        .        .       Appendix  32 

2.  Ganomalite,  Pb4  [Pb  .  OH]2  Ca4  [Si2  O7]3,«       .        .  408,  422 

3.  Nasonite,  Pb4  [Pb  Cl]2  Ca4  [Si2  O7]3   .        .        .       Appendix  48 


4.  Melilite,  Complex,  Ca,  Mg,  Na,  Al,  Fe  silicate,  .  426,  474 

5.  VESUVIANITE,  Complex  Ca,  Al  silicate,       .  .  427,477 

6.  Apophyllite,  H7  K  Ca4  [Si  O3]8  .  4^  H2O,         .  .  452,  566 

Niobates,  Tantalates. 

i.     Tapiolite,  Fe  (Ta,  Nb)2  O6, 492,738 

Phosphates,  Ar senates. 

1.  Torbernite,  Cu  [U  O2]2[P  O4]2  .  8  H2O,      .        .  .  515,  856 

2.  Zeunerite,  Cu  [U  O2]2  [As  O4]2  .  8  H2O,      .        .  .  515,857 


8  TETRAGONAL   SYSTEM. 

TETRAGONAL  SYSTEM;    TRI-PYRAMIDAL  GROUP. 

Silicates. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     WERNERITE,  or    f  Ca4  A16  Si6  O25  with  \  ,„ 

SCAPOLITE,          1  Na4  A13  Si9  O24  Cl,     j 

Niobates,  Tantalates. 
i.     Fergusonite,  R  (Nb,  Ta)  O4,  R=Y,  Er,  Ce,     .        .      490,729 

Tungstates,  Molybdates. 

1.  Scheelite,  Ca  W  O4, 540,985 

2.  Stolzite,  Pb  W  O4, 541,989 

3.  Wulfenite,  Pb  Mo  O4, 541,989 


TETRAGONAL  SYSTEM;    SPHENOIDAL  GROUP. 

Sulphides. 
i.     CHALCOPYRITE,  Cu  Fe  S2 297,     80 

Silicates. 
i.     Edingtonite,  Ba  A12  Si3  Oio  .  3  H2O,         .        .        .      460,  599 


HEXAGONAL   SYSTEM.  9 

HEXAGONAL  SYSTEM;    NORMAL  GROUP. 

Elements. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     Iridosmine,  Ir  with  Os, 280,     27 


Sulphides. 

1.  Molybdenite,  Mo  S2, 285,  41 

2.  Covellite,  Cu  S, 294,  68 

3.  PYRRHOTITE,  FeuS12  (FeS?),    ....  296,  73 


Fluorides. 

i.     Tysonite,  (Ce,  La,  Di)  F3 321,166 

Oxides. 

i.     Tridymite,  Si  O2, 328,   192 

Carbonates. 

i.     Parisite,  [R  F]2  Ca  [CO3]3,  R=Ce,  La,  Di,       .        .  364,  290 

Silicates. 

1.  BERYL,  Be3Al2  [Si  03]6,  with  some  [OH]?     .       .  405,405 

2.  Barysilite,  Pb3  Si2  O7, 408,  421 

3.  N EPH ELITE,  approximately  Na  Al  Si  O4,     .        .  409,423 

4.  Eucryptite,  Li  Al  Si  04, 410,  426 

5.  Cancrinite,  H6  Na6  Ca  (Na  CO3)2  A18  [Si  OJe, .        .  411,  427 


6.     Thaumasite,CaSiO3.CaCO3.CaSO4.i5H2O,      .      483,698 

Sulphates. 
i.     Hanksite,  9  Na2  SO4  .  2  Na2  CO3  .  K  Cl,          .        .      530,  920 


10  HEXAGONAL — HEXAGON AL-RHOMBOHEDRAL    SYSTEM. 

HEXAGONAL  SYSTEM;    HEMIMORPHIC    GROUP. 
Sulphides,  Arsenides,  Antimonides. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

1.  Qreenockite,  Cd  S, 294,  69 

2.  Wurtzite,  Zn  S, 295,  70 

3.  Niccolite,  Ni  As, 295,  71 

4.  Breithauptite,  Ni  Sb, 296,  72 


Chlorides,  Iodides. 
i.     lodyrite,  Ag  I, 319,   160 

Oxides. 
i.     Zincite,  Zn  O,  with  Mn  O, 332,  208 

HEXAGONAL  SYSTEM;    TRI -PYRAMIDAL   GROUP. 

Phosphates,  Ar senates,  Vanadates. 


I. 

2. 

3- 
4- 

APATITE, 
PYROMORPHITE, 
Mimetite, 
Vanadinite, 

Apatite  Group. 
Ca4[CaF][P04]3,  .        . 
Pb4[PbCl][P04]3, 
Pb4  [Pb  Cl]  [As  O4]3,      . 
Pb4  [Pb  Cl]  [V04]3, 

.      497,   762 
•      499,   770 
•      5°°>  77i 
•      5°°>  773 

HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL  SYSTEM; 
NORMAL  GROUP. 

NOTE. — A  few  hemimorphic  species  are  included  in  the  tables 
with  the  Normal  Group.  The  Tri-Rhombohedral  and  Trapezohedral 
groups  are  in  separate  tables. 

Elements. 


I. 

URAPHlIb,  <J, 

. 

. 

• 

273, 

7 

2. 

Arsenic,  As,  . 

. 

. 

. 

.       274, 

ii 

3- 

Antimony,  Sb, 

. 

. 

. 

•      275, 

12 

4. 

Bismuth,  Bi, 

. 

. 

. 

.      275, 

13 

5- 

Tellurium,  Te, 

. 

• 

• 

•       275, 

II 

Sulphides, 

Tellurides. 

i. 

Tetradymite,  Bi2 

Te2  S,      . 

. 

. 

284, 

39 

2. 

Millerite,  Ni  S, 

. 

- 

• 

•      295, 

70 

Sulphantimonites ,    Sulpharsenites . 

1.  Pyrargyrite,  Ag3  Sb  S3  or  3  Ag2  S  .  Sb2  S3,     . 

2.  Proustite,  Ag3  As  S3  or  3  Ag2  S  .  As2  S3, 


HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL   SYSTEM.  II 

Oxides,  Hydroxides. 

T.  B.       Sys. 

1.  CORUNDUM,  A12  O3, 333,   210 

2.  HEMATITE,  Fe2  O3,          .  ...      334,213 
Ilmenite,  see  Tri-rhombohedral  Group. 


3.  Brucite,  Mg[OH]2,      .                        ....  3S1*  2S2 

4.  Pyrochroite,  Mn  [OH]2,        .                         ...  351,   253 

5.  Chalcophanite,  (Zn,  Fe)  Mn2  O5  .  2  H2O,          .        .  352,   256 

Carbonates. 
Calcite  Group,  R"  CO3. 

1.  CALCITE,  CaCO3, *    .  354,  262 

Dolomite,  see  Tri-rhombohedral  Group. 

2.  Magnesite,  Mg  CO3,    .......  358,  274 

3.  SIDERITE,  FeC03, 359,  276 

4.  RHODOCHROSITE,  MnCO3, 359,278 

5.  SMITHSONITE,  Zn  CO3, 360,279 

Silicates. 

1.  Eudialyte,  Nai3  (Ca,  Fe)6  Cl  (Si,  Zr)20  O52?     .        .  407,  409 

2.  Pyrosmalite,  H7  [Fe  Cl]  Fe4  [Si  O4]4,  Mn  iso.  w.    Fe,  424,  465 

3.  Friedelite,  H7  [Mn  Cl]  Mn4  [Si  O4]4,    ....  424,  465 

4.  TOURMALINE,  R9'  A13  [B  .  OH]2  Si4  O19   (hemi- 

morphic),  .                                                                 .  447,   55 r 

5.  Chabazite,  (Ca,  Na2)  A12  Si4Oi2  .  6  H2O?        .        .  458,589 

6.  Gmelinite,  (Na2  Ca)  A12  Si4  OJ2  .  6  H2O?          .        .  459,   593 

7.  Penninite,  H8  (Mg,  Fe)5  A12  Si3  Oi8,         .                .  474,  650 

Phosphates,  Ar senates. 

1.  Hamlinite,  [Al  .  2  OH]3  [Sr  .  OH]  P2  O7,   .        .        .  503,  762 

2.  Chalcophyllite,  [Cu  .  OH]3  AsO4  .  Cu[OH]2  .  3£  H2O,  511,  840 

Nitrates. 

1.  SODA=NITER,   Na   NO3    (homoeomorphous  with 

CaCO3),    ...                        ....  517,  870 

Sulphates. 

i      Spangolite,  Cu6  Al  Cl  SOio  .  9  H2O  (hemimorphic) ,  530,  919 

2.  Alunite,  K2  [Al .  2  OH]6  [SO4]4,  Na  iso.  w.  K,         .  537,  974 

3.  Jarosite,  K2  [Fe  .  2  OH]6  [SO4]4,        ....  537,  974 

4.  Natrojarosite,  Na2  [Fe  .  2  OH]6  [SO4]4,  — , 

5.  Plumbo jarosite,  Pb  [Fe  .  2  OH]6  [SO4]4,     ...—,— 


12  HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL   SYSTEM. 

HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL    SYSTEM; 
TRI-RHOMBOHEDRAL   GROUP. 

Titanates. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     Ilmenite,  Fe  Ti  03  =  Fe  0  .  Ti  O2,  Mg  iso.  w.  Fe,      336,  217 


Carbonates. 

i.     DOLOMITE,  CaMg[CO3]2,  Fe  iso.  w.Mg,      .        .  357,  271 

Silicates. 

1.  Willemite,  Zn2  Si  O4,  Mn  iso.  w.  Zn,       .        .       .  422,  460 

2.  Phenacite,  Be2  Si  O4, 423,  462 

3.  Dioptase,  H2  Cu  Si  O4, 424,  463 


HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL    SYSTEM; 
TRAPEZOHEDRAL  GROUP. 

Sulphides. 
i.     CINNABAR,  Hg  S, 293,     66 

Oxides. 
i.     QUARTZ,  Si  02, 324,183 


ORTHORHOMBIC   SYSTEM.  13 

ORTHORHOMBIC  SYSTEM. 

Elements. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     SULPHUR,  S,     .  ...      273,       8 

Sulphides,  Arsenides,  Antimonides,   Tellurides. 

1.  STIBNITE,  Sb2S3, .      283,     36 

2.  Bismuthinite,  Bi2  S3, 284,     38 


3.  CHALCOCITE,  Cu2  S,  ....      290,     55 

4.  Stromeyerite,  Cu  Ag  S,  or  Cu2  S  .  Ag2  S,         .        .      290,     56 


5.  MARCASITE,  Fe  S2, 302,     94 

6.  Lollingite,  Fe  As2, 303,     96 

7.  ARSENOPYRITE,  Fe  S  As,  or  Fe  S2  .  Fe  As2,       .  303,     97 

8.  Safflorite,  Co  As2, 304,  100 

9.  Rammelsbergite,  Ni  As2, 304,  101 

10.  Glaucodot,  (Co,  Fe)  S  As, 304,   101 

11.  Alloclasite,  Co  S  (As,  Bi), 304,  102 

12.  Wolfachite,  NiS  (As,  Sb), 304,   102 

13.  Krennerite,  Au  Te2,  Ag  iso.  w.  Au,  ....  305,  105 

Sulphantimonites ,  Sulpharsenites ,  Sulphobismuthites. 

1.  Zinkenite,  Pb  Sb2  S4  =  PbS  .  Sb2  S3,         .        .        .  307,112 

2.  Sartorite,  Pb  As2  S4=PbS  .  As2  S3,         .        .        .  308,112 

3.  Emplectite,  Cu2  Bi2  S4  =  Cu2  S  .  Bi2  S3,    .        .        .  308,  113 

4.  Chalcostibite,  Cu2  Sb2  S4  =  Cu2  S  .  Sb2  S3,       .        .  308,  113 

5.  Galenobismuthite,  Pb  Bi2S4  =Pb  S  .  Bi2  S3,    .        .  308,  114 

6.  Berthierite,  Fe  Sb2  S4=  Fe  S  .  Sb2  S3,       .        .        .  308,  114 

7.  Matildite,  Ag2  Bi2  S4  =  Ag2  S  .  Bi2  S3,       .        .        .  308,  115 

8.  Cosalite,  Pb2  Bi2  S5  =  2  Pb  S  .  Bi2  S3,  309,  121 

9.  Jamesonite,  Pb2  Sb2  S5  =  2  Pb  S  .  Sb2  S3,        .        .  308,  122 

10.  Bournonite,  (Pb,  Cu2)3  Sb2  S6   or  3  (Pb,  Cu2)  S  . 

Sb2  S3,        .....  ...  310,  126 

11.  Wittichenite,  Cu3  BiS3  or  3  Cu2  S  .  Bi2S3,      .        .  310,128 

12.  Aikinite,  (Pb,  Cu2)3  Bi2  S6  =3  (Pb,  Cu2)  S  .  Bi2  S3,  310,  129 


13.  Meneghinite,  Pb4  Sb2  S7  =4  Pb  S  .  Sb2  S3,       .        .      313,  142 

14.  Geocronite,  Pb5  Sb2  S8  or  5  Pb  S  .  Sb2  S3,       .        .      314,  143 

15.  Stephanite,  Ag5  Sb  S4  or  5  Ag2  S  .  Sb2  S3,      .        .      314,  143 


14  ORTHORHOMBIC    SYSTEM. 


Sulphar  senates  ,  Sulphantimonates. 

T.  B. 

Sys. 

I. 

Enargite,  Cu3  As  S4  or  3  Cu2  S  .  As2  S5, 

3*5i 

147 

2. 

Famatinite,  Cu3  Sb  S4  or  3  Cu2  S  .  Sb2  85, 

3!5» 

149 

Chlorides. 

I. 

Cotunnite,  Pb  C12,        

321, 

165 

2. 

Atacamite,  Cu2Cl[OH]3  

322, 

172 

3- 

Carnallite,  K  Mg  C13  .  6  H2O,    .        . 

323. 

177 

Oxides,  Hydroxides. 

I. 

Valentinite,  Sb2  O3,    ..        . 

330, 

199 

2. 

Chrysoberyl,  Be  A12  O4,     .       .        . 

342, 

229 

3- 

Brookite,  TiO2,          .        .        .       .       . 

347> 

242 

4- 

Diaspore,  A12  O2  [OH]2,     .       .       .       . 

348, 

246 

5- 

QOETHITE,  Fe2  O2  [OH]2,       .       .       .       .       . 

349. 

247 

6. 

MANQANITE,  Mn2  O2  [OH]2,  

349. 

248 

7- 

PYROLUSITE,  Mn  O2  with  about  2%  H2O  (pseu- 

domorphous)  ,   .        .        .        .               ... 

347. 

243 

Carbonates. 
Aragonite  Group,  R"  C03. 

1.  ARAGONITE,  CaCO3,      .       .       ...       .  361,281 

2.  STRONTIANITE,  SrCO3, 362,285 

3.  WITHERITE,  BaC03,      .        .        .        .        .        .  362,284 

4.  CERUSSITE,  Pb  CO3, 363,286 


5.  Nesquehonite,  Mg  CO3  .  3  H2  O,  .      366,  300 

6.  Pirssonite,  Ca  CO3  .  Na2  CO3  .  2  H2O  (hemimorphic)  ,    366,  Ap.53 

7.  Lanthanite,  La2  [C03]3  .  9  H20,  .      366,  302 


Metasilicates. 

1.  Enstatite,  MgSi03,    .......  384,  346 

2.  Bronzite-Hypersthene,  (Mg,  Fe)  SiO3,  .  385-348 

3.  Anthophyllite,  (Mg,  Fe)SiO3,         ....  398,384 

4.  Leucophanite,  Na  [Be  F]  Ca  [SiO3]2,  .        .  407,417 


Meso  silicates. 
lolite,  (Mg,  Fe)4  Ale  [Al  .  OH]2  [Si2  07]5, 


ORTHORHOMBIC    SYSTEM.  15 

Ortho silicates  or  Orthosilicate  Derivatives. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

1.  Monticellite,  Ca  Mg  Si  O4, 422,  449 

2.  Glaucochroite,  Ca  Mn  Si  04,       .        .        .        .        .  Ap.  29 

3.  Forsterite,  Mg2  Si  O4, 422,  450 

4.  CHRYSOLITE  or  OLIVINE,  (Mg,  Fe)2  Si  O4,     ,  420,  451 

5.  Fayalite,  Fe2  Si  04, 422,  456 

6.  Tephroite,  Mn2  Si  04, 422,  457 

7.  Danburite,  Ca  B2  [Si  O4]2, 431,  490 

8.  TOPAZ,  [Al  F]2  Si  O4  with  isomorphous  [Al .  OH]2 

SiO4,                                  .                                         .  431,  492 

9.  Andalusite,  [Al  O]  Al  Si  O4, 432,496 

10.  Zoisite,  Ca2  [Al .  OH]  A12  [Si  O4]3,    .                       .  437,5*3 

11.  Prehnite,  H2  Ca2  A12  [Si  O4]3, 442,  529 

12.  Humite,  [Mg(F,OH)]2Mg5[Si04]3f        .        .        .  443,535 

13.  Ilvaite,  Ca  Fe2  [Fe  .  OH]  [Si  O4]2,     .        .        .        .445,  541 

14.  Kentrolite,  [Mn4  O3]  Pb3  [Si  O4]3 ,      ....  446,544 

15.  Melanotekite,  [Fe4  O3]  Pb3  [Si  O4]3,           .        .        .  446,  545 

16.  CALAMINE,  H2  [Zn2  O]  Si  O4  (hemimorphic),      .  446,  547 

17.  Dumortierite,  A14[A1 0]i6[Si  O4]7,  H3  and  B  iso.  w.  Al,  449,  558 

18.  STAUROLITE,(Mg,Fe)[Al.OH][A10]4[Si04]2,     .  450,  558 

Miscellaneous  Silicates. 

1.  Sillimanite,  A12  Si  Os  (compare  Andalusite),          .  433,  498 

2.  Bertrandite,  H2  Be4  Si2  O9  (hemimorphic),     .        .  446,  545 

3.  Ardennite,  H10  Mn10  Ali0  V2  Sii0  O55?      .                .  445,  542 

4.  Cerite,  H6  Ce4  Si3  Oi5?                                                 .  447,   550 

Hydrated  Silicates. 

1.  NATROLITE,  Na2  A12  Si3  OIQ  .  2  H2O,           .        .  461,  600 

2.  Thomsonite,  (Na2,  Ca)  A12  [Si  O4]2  .  2^  H2O,         .  462,  607 

Niobates,  Tantalates. 

1.  COLUMBITE,  (Fe,  Mn)  (Nb,  Ta)2  06,    .        .        .  490,731 

2.  Yttrotantalite,  (Fe,  Ca)  (Y,  Er,  Ce)2  (Ta,  Nb)4  O15  . 

4H2O, 492,   738 

3.  Samarskite,  (Fe,  UO2)3  (Y,  Er,  Ce)2  (Nb,  Ta)6  O2i,  492,  739 

4.  ^schynite,  R3  Nb4  O13  .  R2  (Th,  Ti)5Oi3,  R  =  Ce, 

La,  Di,  Y,                                                                     .  493,   742 

5.  Polynignite,  Nb,  Zr,  Ti,  Th,  Ce,  La,  Di,  Y,  Fe,  Ca,  493,   743 

6.  Euxenite,  Nb,  Ti,  Y,  Er,  Ce,  UO2,  Fe,  H,        .        .493,  744 

7.  Polycrase,  Nb,  Ti,  Y,  Er,  Ce,  UO2,  Fe,  H,       .        -493,  744 


1 6  ORTHORHOMBIC    SYSTEM. 

Phosphates,  Ar senates,  Vanadates. 

T.  B.  Sys. 

1.  Pucherite,  Bi  VO4,       .                                        .        .  496,  755 

2.  Triphylite,  Li  Fe  PO4,  Mn  iso.  w.  Fe,      .        .        .  496,  756 

3.  Lithiophilite,  Li  Mn  PO4,  Fe  iso.  w.  Mn,        .        .  496,  756 

4.  Natrophilite,  Na  Mn  PO4, 496,  758 

5.  Beryllonite,  Na  Be  P04, 496,  758 


6.  Olivenite,  Cu  [Cu  .  OH]  As  O4,          ....      504,  784 

7.  Libethenite,  Cu  [Cu  .  OH]  PO4,          .        .        .        .       504,   786 

8.  Adamite,  Zn  [Zn  .  OH]  As  O4, 505,   786 

9.  Descloizite,  R  [R  .  OH]  VO4,  R  =  Pb  and  Zn  .        .505,  787 


10.  Dufrenite,  Fe2  [OH]3  PO4, 506,  797 

11.  Struvite,  NH4  Mg  PO4  .  6  H2O  (hemimorphic)       .       507,  806 

12.  Reddingite,  Mn3  [PO4]2 .  3  H2O,       .        .        .  508,813 


13.  Scorodite,  Fe  As  O4  .  2  H2O,     .       .       .       .       .      509,  821 

14.  Strengite,  Fe  PO4  .  2  H2O, 510,  822 


15.  Euchroite,  Cu2  [Cu  .  OH]2  [As  O4]2  .  6  H2O  .  .  511  838, 

16.  Wavellite,  [Al .  OH]3  [PO4]2  .  5  H2O,      .  .  .  512,842 

17.  Childrenite,  (Fe,  Mn)  [Al  O]  PO4  .  2  H2O,  .  .  513,  850 

18.  Autunnite,  Ca  [UO2]2  [PO4]2  .  8  H2O,       .  .  .  515,857 


Nitrates. 

1.  Niter,  K  N  O3, .      517,  871 

2.  Gerhardtite,  Cu4  [OH]6  [NO3]2 517,872 


B  orates. 

1.  Sussexite,  H  (Mn,  Mg,  Zn)  BO3,        ....  518,  876 

2.  Ludwigite,  3  Mg  O  .  B2O3  +  FeO  .  Fe2  O3,      .        .  518,877 

3.  Hambergite,  Be  [Be  .  OH]  BO3,        ....  518,  878 

4.  Warwickite,  Fe  Mg6  Ti2  B6  O20  ?       ....  519,881 

5.  Howlite,  H5  Ca2  B5  Si  Oi4,          .....  519,881 


ORTHORHOMBIC   SYSTEM.  17 

Sulphates. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     Thenardite,  Na2  S  O4, $23,895 


Barite  Group,  R"  SO4. 

2.  .BARITE,  BaSO4, 524,  899 

3.  CELESTITE,  Sr  SO4, 526,905 

4.  ANQLESITE,  Pb  SO4, 527,  907 

5.  ANHYDRITE,  Ca  S04, 528,910 


6.     Brochantite,  Cu4  [OH]6  SO4, 530,  925 


7.  Epsomite,  Mg  SO4  .  7  H2O  (sphenoidal),         .        .      533,  938 

8.  Goslarite,  Zn  SO4  .  7  H2O  (sphenoidal),  .        .        .  .    533,  939 

9.  Morenosite,  Ni  SO4  .  7  H2O  (sphenoidal),       .        .      533,  940 


1 8  MONOCLINIC    SYSTEM. 

MONOCLINIC  SYSTEM. 

NOTE. — With  rare  exceptions  the  minerals  of  this  system  all 
crystallize  in  the  normal  group. 

Sulphides,  Tellurides. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

1.  Realgar,  As  S,     .  282,     33 

2.  Orpiment,  As2  S3, 282,     35 


3- 

Sylvanite,  Au  Ag  Te4,         .        .        ... 

304,  103 

4- 

Calaverite,  Au  Te2,  with  Ag  iso.  w.  Au,  . 

•      3°5>  105 

Sulphantimonites  ,  Sulpharsenites  . 

i. 

Miargyrite,  Ag2  Sb2  S4  or  Ag2  8,  Sb2  83, 

308,   116 

2. 

Plagionite,  5  Pb  8  .  4  Sb2  S3,      . 

308,   118 

3- 

Baumhauer^te,  4  Pb  8  .  3  As2  S3,      , 

New  species 

4- 

Dufrenoysite,  Pb2  As2  S5  or  2  Pb  8  .  As2  S3,   . 

309,   120 

5- 

Freieslebenite,  (Pb,  Ag2)5Sb4Sn,    . 

309,   124 

6. 

Jordanite,  Pb4  As2  S7  or  4  Pb  8  .  As2  S3, 

•      3i3,  MI 

7- 

'Polybasite,  Ag9  Sb  S6,  with  Cu  iso.  w.  Ag, 

314,   146 

8. 

Pearceite,  Agg  As  SG,  with  Cu  iso.  w.  Ag, 

•    3i5,AP.5o 

Fluorides. 

i. 

CRYOLITE,  Na3AlF6,     ..... 

321,   166 

2. 

Pachnolite,  Na  Ca  Al  F6  .  H2O, 

••     '  323>   i79 

3- 

Thomsenolite,  Na  Ca  Al  F6  ,  H2O,    . 

323,   180 

Hydroxides. 

i.  Qibbsite,  A1[OH]3,      .        .        ...        .        .  351,254 

Carbonates. 

1.  Barytocalcite,  Ba  Ca  [CO3]2, 364,  289 

2.  MALACHITE,  [Cu .  OH]2  C03,        .       .       .        .  364,294 
3. .  AZURITE,  Cu  [Cu  .  OH]2  [C03]2,     .        .        .        .365,  295 

4.  Aurichalcite,  2  (Zn,  Cu)  CO3  .  3  (Zn,  Cu)  [OH]2,    .  366,  298 

5.  Leadhillite,  Pb  [Pb  .  OH]2  S04  [C03]2,      .        .        .  529,921 

6.  Dawsonite,  Na  [Al  .  2  OH]  CO3,        ....  366,  299 

7.  Natron,  Na2  CO3  .  10  H20, 366,  301 

8.  Gay-Lussite,  Na2  CO3  .  Ca  CO3  .  5  H2O,         .        .  366,  301 

9.  Trona,  Na2  CO3  .  H  Na  CO3  .  2  H2O,        .        .        .  367,  303 
10.  Hydromagnesite,  3  Mg  CO3  .  Mg  [OH]2  .  3  H2O,     .  367,  304 


MONOCLINIC    SYSTEM.  19 

Tetrasilicates. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     Petalite,  Li  Al  Si4  OIQ,                                .        .        .  369,  311 

Trisilicates. 

1.  Eudidymite,  H  Na  Be  Si3  O8, 369,  313 

2.  ORTHOCLASE,  K  Al  Si3  O8, 370,315 

3.  Hyalophane,  2  K  Al  Si3  O8  .  Ba  A12  Si2  O8,      .        .  373,  321 

Metasilicates. 

1.  PYROXENE,  variety  Diopside,  Ca  Mg  [Si  O3]2,    .  387,  352 

2.  PYROXENE,  ordinary,  Ca  (Mg,  Fe)  [Si  O3]2,        ,  387,  352 

3.  PYROXENE,     variety     Augite,     R  Si  O3     with 

(Al,  Fe)2  O3,  R  =  Ca,  Mg,  Fe  and  Mn,          .        .  390,  358 

4.  >£girite,  Acmite,  Na  Fe  [Si  O3]2,      ....  391,  364 

5.  Jadeite,  Na  Al  [Si  O3]2,       .                ....  393,3^9 

6.  SPODUMENE,  Li  Al  [Si  O3]2,  Na  iso.  w.  Li,         .  393,  366 


7.  WOLLASTONITE,  Ca  Si  O3,    .               ...  394,371 

8.  Pectolite,  H  Na  Ca2  [Si  O3]3 ,     .        .                        .  395,  373 

9.  AMPHIBOLE,   variety  Tremolite,   R  SfO3,  R  = 

Mg  and  Ca, 399,  385 

10.  AMPHIBOLE,       Hornblende,    R   Si   O3,   with 

(Fe,  A1)2O3,  R  =  Mg,  Fe,  Ca,         ....  402,391 

11.  Glaucophane,  Na  Fe  [Si  O3]2  with  (Mg,  Fe)  Si  O3,    .  403,  399 

12.  Carpholite,  Mn  [Al  .  2  OH]2  [Si  O3]2,         .        .        .  447,   549 

Orthosilicate  Derivatives. 

1.  DATOLITE,  Ca  [B  .  OH]  Si  O4,        ....  435,502 

2.  Homilite,  (Ca,  Fe)3  [BO]2  [Si  O4]2,    ....  436,  505 

3.  Euclase,  Be  [Al  .  OH]  Si  O4, 436,   508 

4.  Gadolinite,  Be2  Fe  [YO]2  [Si  O4]2,     •  •';      .        .        .  436,509 

5.  EPIDOTE,    Ca2  [Al  .  OH]  A12  [Si  O4]3,  Fe  iso.  w. 

Ca  and  Al, 438,   516 

6.  Piedmontite,  Ca2  [Al .  OH]  (Al,  Mn,  Fe)2  [Si  O4]3,    .  440,   521 

7.  Allanite,  Ca2  [Al .  OH]  (Al,  Fe,  Ce,  La,  Di)2[SiO4]3,  440,  522 

8.  Prolectite,    [Mg  (F,  OH)]  Mg    [Si  OJ,      .        .        .  443,  AP.  55 

9.  Chondrodite,  [Mg  (F,  OH)]2  Mg3  [Si  O4]2,        .        .  443,536 
[Humite,         [Mg  (F,  OH)]2  Mg5  [Si  OJa,  see  p.  15,]  443>  535 

10.     Clinohumite,  [Mg  (F,  OH)]2  Mg7  (Si  O4]4,        .        .  443,   538 

n.     Clinohedrite,  H2  [Ca  Zn  O]  Si  O4  (Clinohedral),      .  447,  Ap.i7 


20  MONOCLINIC    SYSTEM. 

Hydrated  Silicates;  Zeolite  Section. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

1.  Heulandite,  H4  Ca  A12  [Si  O3]6  .  3  H2O,          .        .  454,  574 

2.  Brewsterite,  H4  (Sr,  Ba,  Ca)  A12  [Si  O3]6  .  3  H2O,  .  454,  576 

3.  Wellsite,  (Ba,  Ca,  K2)  A12  Si3  do  .  3  H2O,      .        .  455,  Ap.  72 

4.  Phillipsite,  (K2,  Ca)  A12  Si4  O12  .  4  H2O,          .        .  455,579 

5.  Harmotome,  (K2,  Ba)  A12  Si5  Oi4  .  5  H2O,    .        .  456,   581 

6.  STILBITE,  (Na2,  Ca)  A12  Si6  O16  .  6  H2O,      .        .  456,  583 

7.  Laumontite,  H4  Ca  A12  Si4  Oi4  .  2  H2O,          .        .  457,  587 

8.  Scolecite,  Ca  A12  Si3  OIQ  .  3  H2O,     ....  462,  604 

Foliated,  Micaceous  Silicates. 

NOTE. — The   crystallization   of   some   of  the  minerals  in   this 
section  is  uncertain. 


I. 

MUSCOVITE,  H2  K  A13  [Si  O4]3,     .... 

464, 

614 

2. 

Paragonite,  H2  Na  A13  [Si  O4]3,         .... 

467, 

623 

3- 

LEPIDOLITE,  K  Li  [Al  .  2  (OH,  F)]  Al  [Si  O3]3,  . 

467, 

624 

4- 

BIOTITE,  (H,  K)2  (Mg,  Fe)2  A12  [Si  O4]3,      .        . 

467, 

627 

5- 

PHLOQOPITE,  H2K  Mg3  Al  [Si  O4]3  ?   . 

469, 

632 

6. 

Lepidomelane,  (H,  K)2  Fe3  (Fe,  Al)4  [Si  O4]5  ?      . 

47°> 

634 

7- 

Roscoelite,  H8  K  (Mg,  Fe)  (Al,  V)4  [Si  O3]12  ? 

47°» 

635 

8. 

Margarite,  H2  Ca  A14  Si2  Oi2,  

47°. 

636 

9- 

Seybertite,  H3  (Mg,  Ca)5  A15  Si2  Oi8, 

47L 

638 

10. 

Chloritoid,  H2  (Fe,  Mg)  A12  Si  O7,     . 

47i, 

640 

ii. 

CLINOCHLORE,  Chlorite,  H8  Mg5  A12  Si3  O18,     . 

473, 

644 

12. 

Vermiculite,  H,  Mg,  Al,  silicates  of  uncertain  com- 

position,            

476, 

664 

*3- 

SERPENTINE,  H4  Mg3  Si2  O9,        .... 

476, 

669 

14. 

KAOLIN,  H4Al2Si2O9,    

481, 

685 

i  *». 

TALC,  H2  Mg3  [Si  O3]4,      ...... 

470, 

678 

0 

16. 

Pyrophyllite,  H2  A12  [Si  O3]4,   

*r  /  y  ) 

482, 

v  i  w 

691 

Titanosilicates. 

i. 

TITANITE,  CaTiSiO5,    ...... 

485, 

712 

2. 

Astrophyllite,  (Na,  K)4  (Fe,  Mn)4  Ti  [Si  O4]4, 

487, 

719 

Phosphates,  Ar  senates. 

I. 

Monazite,  (Ce,  La,  Di)  P04  with  Th  Si  04,     . 

495» 

749 

2. 

Herderite,  Ca  [Be  .  OH]  PO4,  with  F  iso.  w.  OH,  . 

503* 

760 

MONOCLINIC   SYSTEM.  21 

T.  B.      Sys. 

3.  Wagnerite,  Mg  [Mg  F]  PO4, 502,775 

4.  Triplite,  R  [R  F]  PO4,  R  =  Fe  and  Mn,    .        .        .  502,  777 

5.  Triploidite,  R  [R  .  OH]  PO4,  R  =  Fe  and  Mn,        .  502,  779 

6.  Durangite,  Na  [Al  F]  As  O4, 503,780 

7      Clinoclasite,  [Cu  .  OH]3  As  O4, 505,  795 

8.     Lazulite,  Mg  [Al  .  OH]2  [PO4]2,         ....  506,  798 


9.     Vivianite,  Fe3  [PO4]2  .  8  H2O,  ....  508, 

10.  Erythrite,  Co3  [As  O4]2  .  8  H2O,        ....  509,817 

11.  Annabergite,  Ni3  [As  O4]2  .  8  H2O,    ....  509,818 

12.  Brushite,  H  Ca  PO4  .  2  H2O,      .        .        .        .        .  510,828 

B  orates. 

1.  Colemanite,  Ca2  B6  On  .  5  H2O,     .«'•.'.        .        .  519,  882 

2.  BORAX,  Na2B4O7.  10  H2O, 520,886 

Sulphates,  Chromates. 

1.  Qlauberite,  Na2  Ca  [SO4]2, 523,  898 

2.  Crocoite,  Pb  Cr  O4, 529 

3.  Kainite,  Mg  S  O4  .  K  Cl .  3  H2O,      .        .        .        .  530 

4.  Linarite,  [Pb  .  OH]2  SO4,  with  Cu  iso.  w.  Pb,         .  530,  927 

5.  Mirabilite,  Na2  SO4  .  10  H2O, 531,  931 

6.  QPYSUM,  Ca  SO4  .  2  H2O, 531,  933 

7.  Melanterite,  Fe  SO4  .  7  H2O, 534,  941 

8.  Syngenite,  K2  Ca  [SO4]2  .  H2O 534,  945 

9.  Picromerite,  K2  Mg  [SO4]2  .  6  H2O,         .        .        .  535,  948 
10.     Polyhalite,  K2  Mg  Ca2  [SO4]4  .  2  H2O,      .        .        .  535,  950 
n.     Blodite,  Na2  Mg  [SO4]2  .  4  H2O,        ....  535,946 

Tellurites,  Selenites. 

1.  Emmonsite,  hydra  ted  ferric  tellurite,       .        .        .  538,  979 

2.  Chalcomenite,  Cu  Se  O3  .  2  H2O,  .        .        .  538,  980 

Tungstates. 

1.  WOLFRAMITE,  FeWO4,  with  Mn  iso.  w.  Fe,     .  539,982 

2.  Hubnerite,  Mn  W  O4, 539,  983 

Oxalates. 

i.     Whewellite,  Ca  C2O4  .  H2O, 542,993 


22  TRICLINIC   SYSTEM. 

TRICLINIC  SYSTEM. 

Hydroxides. 

T.  B.      Sys. 

i.     Sassolite,  Boracic  acid,  B  [OH]3,       .       .       .       .352,  255 


Carbonates. 
i.     Lansfordite,  3  MgCO3  .  Mg[OH]2  .  21  H2O,   .        .       367,  305 


I. 

2. 

Silicates. 

MICROCLINE,  K  Al  Si3  O8,     . 

ALBITE,  Na  Al  Si3  O8,  (Ab),  . 

. 

. 

• 

373, 
377, 

322 
327 

3- 

ANORTHITE,  Ca  A12  Si2  O8,  (An), 

. 

. 

380, 

337 

Plagioclase 

OLIQOCLASE=ALBITE, 

8 

Ab: 

i 

An, 

, 



Feldspars; 

OLIQOCLASE, 

3 

Ab: 

i 

An, 

378, 

332 

4- 

Albite- 

ANDESITE, 

i 

Ab: 

i 

An, 

379, 

333 

Anorthite 

LABRADORITE, 

i 

Ab: 

3 

An, 

379, 

334 

Series: 

BOYTONITE, 

i 

Ab: 

8 

An, 

, 



5.  RHODONITE,  Mn  Si  O3,  Ca  and  F  iso.  w.  Mn,     .  395,  378 

6.  Babingtonite,  (Ca,  Fe,  Mn)  Si  O3,  with  Fe2  [Si  O3]3,  396,  381 

7.  CYANITE,  A12  Si  O5,  .  .        .  434,500 

8.  Axinite,  Ca7  A14  B2  [Si  O4]8,  Mn,  Fe  and  H2  iso.  w. 

Ca 441,  527 

9.  Inesite,  2  (Mn,  Ca)  Si  O3  .  H2O,        ....  452 


Phosphates,  Ar senates. 

1.  Amblygonite,  Li  [Al  F]  PO4,  OH  iso.  w.  F,  .  .  503,781 

2.  Roselite,  (Ca,  Co,  Mg)3  [As  O4]2  .  2  H2O,  .  .  507,  810 

3.  Brandtite,  Ca2  Mn  [As  O4]2  .  2  H2O,         .  .  .  507,  8n 

4.  Fairfieldite,  Ca2  Mn  [PO4]2  .  2  H2O,          .  .  .  507,  812 


Sulphates. 

1.  Chalcanthite,  Cu  SO4  .  5  H2O,         .  _    .       .        .      534,944 

2.  Amarantite,  (Fe  .  OH)  SO4  .  3  H2O,        ...      536,  967 


MINERALS    OF   UNCERTAIN   CRYSTALLIZATION.  23 

MINERALS  WHICH  ARE  AMORPHOUS,    MASSIVE, 
OR  OF  UNCERTAIN    CRYSTALLIZATION. 

Arsenides. 

T.  B       Sys. 

1.  Domeykite,  Cua  As, 286,     44 

2.  Algodonite,  Cue  As, 286,     45 

3.  Whitneyite,  Cu9  As,     ,        ,        ,        ,        t        t        ,      286,     45 


Oxides,  Hydroxides. 

1.  Opal,  Si  O2,  generally  with  3  to  9  %  H2O,     .        .  329,  194 

2.  Turgite,  Fe4  O5  [OH]2, 350,245 

3.  LIMON1TE,  Fe403[OH]6,       .        .        .       .       .  350,250 

4.  Xanthosiderite,  Fe2  O  [OH]4, 350,   251 

5.  BAUXITE,  A12  O  [OH]4, 350,251 

6.  Psilomelane,  Mn  O2  withMn  O,  BaO,  Co  O,  H2O?  352,  257 


Carbonates. 

1.  Bismutosphaerite,  [Bi  O]2  CO3,           .  .  .  .      364,  290 

2.  Hydrozincite,  Zn  CO3  .  2  Zn  [OH]2?  .  .  .      366,   299 

3.  Zaratite,  Ni  CO3  .  2  Ni  [OH]2  .  4  H2O,  .  .  .367,  306 


Silicates. 

1.  Deweylite,  Mg4  Si3  OIQ  .  6  H2O?       ....  479,  676 

2.  Qenthite,  Ni2Mg2Si3Ojo  .  6  H2O?          ...  479,676 

3.  Qarnierite,  Noumeaite,  H2  Ni  Si  04?     .       .       .  479,  676 

4.  Allophane,  A12  Si  O5  .  5  H2O,     ......  483,  693 

5.  CHRYSOCOLLA,  Cu  Si  O3  .  2  H2O?       .       .       .  483,699 


Phosphates. 

i.     Turquois,  H  [Al  .  2  OH]2  PO4,  with  isomorphous 

H  [Cu  .  OH]a  P04, 512,     844 


PART   II. 

ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE    MINERALS    ACCORDING    TO 
THE  ELEMENTS,   WITH  USES  AND  STATISTICS. 


NOTE. — The  chief  object  of  tables  of  this  kind  is  to  call  atten- 
tion to  the  various  chemical  combinations  of  the  elements, 
especially  the  metals,  met  with  in  the  mineral  kingdom.  In  each 
list  of  minerals  the  order  of  the  chemical  classification  of  Dana, 
given  on  page  2,  is  followed,  and  the  names  are  printed  in  three 
kinds  of  type  in  order  to  indicate  the  relative  importance  of  the 
various  compounds,  as  explained  on  page  i.  For  the  sake  of  con- 
venience, the  tables  follow  in  alphabetical  order,  based  upon  the 
elements.  Following  them  will  be  some  lists  of  useful  minerals 
which  do  not  naturally  fall  under  any  specific  element.  Although 
the  lists  of  minerals  are  not  to  be  regarded  as  complete,  the 
attempt  has  been  made  to  give  all  of  the  principal  and  com- 
mercially important  combinations.  In  the  case  of  minerals  which 
are  commercially  important,  their  uses  are  noted  and  some  statis- 
tics are  given  indicating  the  amount  and  value  of  the  production. 
The  statistics  have  been  derived  chiefly  from  The  Mineral  Industry 
for  1905,  published  by  the  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal  of 
New  York,  and  from  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States  for 
1905,  published  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

ALUMINIUM. 

Occurrence. — The  number  of  aluminium  minerals  is  so  large 
that  no  attempt  is  made  to  give  other  than  the  more  important 
compounds. 

CRYOLITE,  Na3  Al  F8.  MICAS,  H2  K  A13  [Si  O^,  etc.     * 

CORUNDUM,  A12  O3.     <-  KAOLIN,  H4  A12  Si2  OB. 

Gibbsite,  Al  [OH]3.  Pyrophyllite,  H2  A12  [Si  O3]4.    ^ 

BAUXITE,  A12  O  [OH]4.  '^  THE  ZEOLITES. 

FELDSPARS,  K  Al  Si3  O8,  ^  Lazulite,  Mg  [Al .  OH]2  [POJ2. 

Na  Al  Si3  O8,  Ca  A12  Si2  O3,  etc.  Wavellite,  [Al .  OH].,  [POJ2 .  5  H2O. 

LEUCITE,  K  Al  [Si  O8],.  Turquois,   Approx.   H  [Al  .  2  OH], 
NEPH ELITE,  Na  Al  Si  O4.  PO4. 

TOPAZ,  [Al  Fk  Si  O4.       ^  Kalinite,  Alum,  K  Al  [SOJ2 . 1 2  H2O. 

CYANITE,  A12  Si  O8.         is  Alunite,  K2  [Al .  2  OH]6  [SOJ4. 


26  ALUMINIUM — ANTIMONY. 

Uses. — Metallic  aluminium  and  many  of  its  alloys  possess 
highly  useful  properties.  Alum  and  aluminium  sulphate  are 
used  in  chemical  industries,  as  mordants  in  dyeing,  and  exten- 
sively in  the  manufacture  of  baking  powders.  The  uses  of  a 
number  of  aluminium  minerals  (corundum,  feldspar,  mica,  kaolin 
and  clay)  are  explained  later  under  Useful  Minerals. 

Statistics. — Metallic  aluminium  is  made  mostly  from  bauxite. 
The  domestic  consumption  in  1905  was  11,347,000  pounds,  valued 
at  $3,246,300.  Price  per  pound,  about  35  c. 

Alum  and  aluminium  sulphate  are  made  from  bauxite,  cryolite 
and  alunite.  The  yearly  production  of  alum  is  about  10,000  tons, 
valued  at  about  $29.00  per  ton,  and  of  aluminium  sulphate  from 
75,000  to  100,000  tons,  valued  at  about  $18.00  per  ton. 

The  production  of  bauxite  in  1905,  mostly  from  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama and  Arkansas,  was  48,129  tons,  valued  at  about  $5.00  per 
ton,  and  the  importation  was  11,726  tons,  valued  at  $46,517. 

The  importation  of  cryolite,  from  Greenland,  for  1905,  was 
1600  tons,  valued  at  $22,482. 

ANTIMONY. 
Occurrence. 

Native  Antimony,  Sb.   "  TETRAHEDRITE,'Cu8  Sb2S7,  etc. 

STIBNITE,  Sb2S3.        -*"  Senarmontite,  Sb2  O3. 

Kermesite,  Sb2  S2  O.     "  Valentinite,  Sb2  O3. 

Sulphantimonites.       r  Stibiconite,  H2  Sb2  Os.^ 

Pyrargyrite,  Ag3  Sb  S3.  Cervantite,  Sb2  O4.       v 

c 

\ 

Uses. — Metallic  antimony  is  used  for  making  various  alloys, 
type  metal,  pewter  and  anti-friction  metal.  The  sulphide  is 
employed  in  making  fireworks,  percussion  caps,  matches,  and  in 
vulcanizing  rubber.  Tartar-emetic  and  antimony  sulphide  are 
used  for  medicinal  purposes. 

The  United  States  mined  no  antimony  ore  in  1905,  although 
there  are  good  deposits  (stibnite)  in  California,  Idaho  and  South 
Dakota,  but  obtained  its  antimony  from  imported  ores  (493  tons; 
value,  $117,433)  or  from  hard  lead  (antimonial  lead  from  the 
smelting  of  silver  ores).  The  total  production  from  these  sources 
amounted  to  3240  tons,  valued  at  $705,787. 


ARSENIC — BARIUM — BERYLLIUM.  27 

ARSENIC. 
Occurrence. 

Native  Arsenic,  As.    ^  Sulpkar  senile  s.      ^ 

Niccolite,  Ni  As.         ,  Proustite,  Ag3  As  S3,  etc. 

Smaltite,  Co  As2.  Enargite,  Cu3  As  S4.     •*- 

Chloanthite,  Ni  As2.  Ar senates, 

Qersdorffite,  Ni  As  S.   -  Mimetite,  Pb4  [Pb  ClIAs  OJ3.     - 

Lollingite,  Fe  As2.      ^  Olivenite,  Cu  [Cu  .  OH]  As  O4. 

ARSENOPYRITE,  Fe  S  As.^  Scorodite,  Fe  As  O4  .  2  H2O. 

Uses. — Sulphides  of  arsenic  are  used  as  pigment  and  for  pyro- 
technics. The  oxide  is  used  in  medicine,  and  for  poisoning  and 
preserving.  Paris  green,  an  arsenate  and  acetate  of  copper,  is 
extensively  used  as  pigment  and  for  poisoning. 

Statistics. — In  1905  the  production  of  As2  O$  in  the  United 
States  was  1,507,386  pounds,  while  the  yearly  importation,  mostly 
from  England  and  Germany,  is  about  7,000,000  pounds.  The 
price  of  As2  Os  is  from  i\  c.  to  4^  c.  per  pound. 

BARIUM. 

Occurrence. 

WITHERITE,  Ba  CO3.  Harmotome,(K2,Ba)Al2Si5O14.5H2O. 

Barytocalcite,  Ba  Ca  [CO3la.  BARITE,  Ba  SO4.      ^ 

Hyalophane,  2  K  Al  Si3O8.BaAl2Si2O8 

Uses. — Barite  is  used  chiefly  for  the  production  of  barium 
hydroxide,  employed  in  the  refining  of  sugar.  Ground  barites 
and  precipitated  Ba  SO4  are  employed  as  white  pigment,  for  adul- 
terations, and  for  giving  weight  and  finish  to  certain  grades  of 
paper. 

Statistics. — Barite  (or  barytes)  produced  in  1905  amounted  to 
nearly  50,000  tons,  valued  at  $150,000.  The  supply  was  obtained 
from  Missouri,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  North  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
The  importation  was  19,000  tons,  valued  at  $102,000. 

BERYLLIUM. 
Occurrence. 

Chrysoberyl,  Be  A12  O4.  Euclase,  Be  [Al  .  OH]  Si  O4. 

BERYL,  Be3  Al,  [Si  O3]6 .  $  H2O ?    "'  Gadolinite,  Be2  Fe  Y2  Si2  O10. 

Leucophanite,  Na  [Be  F]  Ca  [Si  O3]2.  Bertrandite,  H2  Be4  Si2  O8. 

Helvite,  (Mn,  Fe)2[Mn2S]Be3[SiOJ3.  Beryllonite,  Na  Be  PO4. 

Phenacite,  Be2  Si  O4.  Herderite,  Ca  [Be  (OH,  F)]  PO4. 

Uses. — Some  of  the  beryllium  minerals  used  as  gems  are  noted 
under  a  special  heading,  gem  minerals.  At  the  present  time  there 
is  no  demand  commercially  for  beryllium  or  its  salts. 


28  BISMUTH — BORON. 

BISMUTH. 
Occurrence. 

Native  Bismuth,  Bi.  Bismutosphserite,  [Bi  O]2  CO3.  "" 

Bismuthinite,  Bi2  S3.      '  Bismutite,  [Bi  O]  [Bi  .  2  OH]  CO8.  *- 

Tetradymite,  Bi2  Te2  S.    r  Eulytite,  Bi4  [Si  OJ3. 

Sulpho-bismuthinites,  Pucherite,  Bi  V  O4.        >/ 
Emplectite,  Cu2  S  .  Bi2  S3,  etc. 

Uses. — Bismuth  is  used  for  making  numerous  alloys  of  low 
fusing  point  (solders,  safety  plugs  for  boilers  and  fire  extinguish- 
ers, and  Wood's  metal,  fusing  as  low  as  60.5°  C.).  Its  salts  are 
employed  in  medicine. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  bismuth  in  1905, 
mostly  from  Colorado,  amounted  to  2,288  pounds  and  the  im- 
portation to  148,589  pounds.  The  price  of  refined  bismuth  is  about 
$1.28  per  pound. 

BORON. 
Occurrence. 

Sassolite,  B  [OH^.  B 'orates. 

Danburite,  Ca  B2  [Si  O4]2.  Boracite,  Mg7  C12  B16  O30. 

DATOLITE,  Ca  [B  .  OH]  Si  O4.  ••  Colemanite,  Ca2  B6  On  .  5  H2O.    " 

Axinite,  R"7  A14  B2  [Si  O4]8.*       ^  BORAX,  Na2  B4  O7  .  10  H2O.        ^ 

TOURMALINE,  R'9  A13  [B  .  OH]2  Ulexite,  Na  Ca  B5  O8 .  8  H2O.      • 
Si4  O19.f 

*  R"  =  Ca  chiefly,  with  some  Fe,  Mn  and  H2. 

t  R'  replaced  by  various  elements,  Al,  Fe,  Mg,  Mn,  Ca,  K,  Li,  Na,  H. 

Uses. — Borax  is  used  for  washing  and  cleansing;  as  a  solvent 
of  metallic  oxides  in  soldering  and  welding;  and  as  a  flux  in 
numerous  smelting  and  laboratory  operations.  Borax  and  boracic 
acid  are  also  extensively  used  in  pharmaceutical  preparations  and 
for  their  antiseptic  properties. 

Statistics. — Borax  and  boracic  acid  are  obtained  from  the  cole- 
manite  and  native  borax  deposits  of  California,  Oregon  and 
Nevada.  The  total  value  of  the  products  in  1905  amounted  to 
over  $1,000,000. 


BROMINE — CADMIUM — CESIUM — CALCIUM.  29 

BROMINE. 
Occurrence. 
Embolite,  Ag  (Br,  Cl).     *-  Bromyrite,  Ag  Br. 

The  element  is  contained  also  in  small  quantity  in  salt  brines 
from  which  the  supply  of  bromine  is  obtained. 

Uses. — Liquid  bromine  is  employed  in  numerous  chemical  in- 
dustries and  in  laboratories,  and  potassium  bromide  is  used  exten- 
sively in  medicine. 

Statistics. — The  production  of  bromine  in  1905,  mostly  from 
Michigan,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia,  was  over  1,000,- 
ooo  pounds,  valued  at  over  $175,000. 

CADMIUM. 

Occurrence. — Greenockite,  Cd  S. 

The  cadmium  of  commerce  is  obtained  from  zinc  ores  which 
frequently  contain  a  small  quantity  of  this  rare  element. 

Uses.— The  metal  is  used  in  making  alloys  for  dental  and  other 
purposes.  The  sulphide  is  used  as  a  yellow  pigment. 

Statistics. — Most  of  the  cadmium  is  produced  in  Germany. 
There  is  no  domestic  production. 

CESIUM. 

Occurrence. — Pollucite,  H2  Cs4  A14  [Si03]9. 

This  exceptionally  rare  element  is  also  found  in  small  quan- 
tities in  beryl  and  lepidolite,  and  in  the  waters  of  some  mineral 
springs. 

CALCIUM. 

Occurrence. — Calcium  occurs  in  such  a  variety  of  combinations 
that  no  attempt  is  made  to  give  a  complete  list  of  its  compounds. 
The  typical  and  more  important  calcium  minerals  are  as  follows: 

FLUORITE,  Ca  F2.  TITANITE,  Ca  Ti  Si  O6.      * 

CALCITE,     limestone,  and  marble,  u  Perovskite,  Ca  Ti  O3. 

Ca  CO3.  APATITE,  Ca4  [Ca  F]  [POJ3. 

DOLOMITE,  Ca  Mg  [CO3]2.       ^  Colemanite,  Ca2  B6  On  .  5  H2O.  ' 

ARAQONITE,  Ca  CO3.  Qlauberite,  Na0  Ca  [SOJ2.          ^ 

Gay-LuSsite,  Na2  Ca  [CO3]2 .  5  H2O.  '  ANHYDRITE,  Ca  SO4. 

ANORTHITE,  Ca  A12  [Si  OJ2.        *  GYPSUM,  Ca  SO4  .  H2O. 

WOLLASTONITE,  Ca  Si  O3.       *  Scheelite,  Ca  W  O4.  * 


30  CALCIUM. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  calcium  is  an  essential  constitu- 
ent of  the  following  common  and  important  silicates:  The  lime- 
soda  feldspars,  pyroxene,  amphibole,  grossular  and  andradite  gar- 
nets, scapolite,  vesuvianite,  datolite,  epidote,  axinite,  prehnite  and 
most  zeolites. 

Uses. — Lime,  Ca  O,  is  made  by  igniting  marble  and  limestone, 
and  is  used  in  mortars  and  cements,  and  in  a  large  number  of 
chemical  and  domestic  industries.  Marble  and  limestone  rock  are 
extensively  quarried  for  building  material  and  ornamental  purposes. 
Calcium  oxide  combines  with  silica  and  other  impurities  of  ores 
to  form  fusible  silicates,  hence  the  extensive  use  of  limestone  as  a 
flux  in  blast-furnace  and  other  smelting  operations.  Chalk  is 
Ca  COs,  and  ground  chalk,  known  as  whiting,  is  used  m  putty,  for 
scouring  and  polishing  and  for  adulterating.  Numerous  uses  are 
found  for  precipitated  calcium  carbonate  and  for  marble  dust. 
Carbon  dioxide  gas,  extensively  employed  in  making  effervescent 
drinks,  is  largely  derived  from  calcite  or  marble. 

Plaster  of  Paris  is  made  from  gypsum,  by  heating  it  at  a  mod- 
erate temperature  until  about  half  of  its  water  of  crystallization  is 
driven  off.  Plaster  of  Paris  is  extensively  used  as  hard  finish  in 
plastering,  in  making  "staff"  for  the  construction  of  exhibition 
buildings,  and  for  moulds  and  casts.  Ground  gypsum  is  used  to 
some  extent  as  land  plaster  for  fertilizing.  Some  fibrous  and  gran- 
ular varieties  of  gypsum  (satin  spar  and  alabaster)  are  polished  or 
carved  as  ornaments. 

Statistics. — The  yearly  consumption  of  lime  is  very  great,  the 
domestic  product  being  valued  at  over  $11,000,000.  Lime  is 
worth  about  $1.00  per  barrel  of  250  Ibs.  The  domestic  production 
of  limestone  in  1905  was  valued  as  follows :  Building  and  structural 
stone,  $6,000,000;  broken  stone  for  railroad  ballast,  macadam, 
concrete  and  rubble,  $10, 000,000;  for  blast-furnace  flux,  $7, 000,000— 
a  total  of  over  $30,000,000. 

The  production  of  gypsum  in  1905  amounted  to  1,000,000  tons, 
valued  at  $821,967,  the  supply  coming  chiefly  from  Michigan, 
New  York,  Iowa.  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  Texas  and  Virginia.  The 
importation  of  gypsum  and  plaster  of  Paris  is  valued  at  $360,000. 
Ground  gypsum  for  land  plaster  is  worth  about  $2  per  ton,  plaster 
of  Paris  about  $3.50  per  ton. 


CARBON.  31 

CARBON. 
Occurrence. 

DIAMOND,  C.  GRAPHITE,  C.      , 

Carbon  is  the  characteristic  non-metallic  constituent  of  all 
carbonates,  see  pages  353  to  367  of  Dana's  Text-Book  of  Min- 
eralogy. Although  not  regarded  as  minerals  in  the  strict  sense  of 
being  definite  chemical  compounds,  the  various  forms  of  coal, 
petroleum,  natural  gas,  asphaltum  and  mineral  wax  (ozokerite) 
are  exceedingly  important  substances,  generally  classed  as  mineral 
products. 

Uses. — Diamonds  are  used  as  gems  and  for  cutting  and  polish- 
ing hard  materials.  Graphite  is  used  for  pencils,  for  making 
refractory  crucibles,  as  a  lubricant,  and  as  stove  polish  and  pig- 
ment for  brightening  and  protecting  iron  surfaces.  Heavy  min- 
eral oils  are  used  as  lubricants;  solid  products,  such  as  paraffin 
and  ozokerite,  for  candles,  wax  papers,  and  as  protecting  and 
insulating  substances.  Asphaltum  is  extensively  employed  in 
making  pavements  and  asphaltum  varnishes. 

Statistics. — The  value  of  the  diamonds  imported  into  the 
United  States  in  1905  was  over  $30,000,000,  including  about 
$200,000  worth  of  diamond  dust. 

The  graphite  produced  in  1905  was  6,000,000  pounds,  valued 
at  $318,211,  mostly  derived  from  Ticonderoga,  N.  Y. ;  Chester  Co., 
Pa.,  and  Barton  Co.,  Ga.  The  value  of  imported  graphite  was 
$983,034.  At  Niagara  Falls  4,591,550  pounds  of  artificial  graphite 
were  produced  by  electricity. 

For  coal  and  fuel  the  figures  for  1905  are  as  follows:  Anthra- 
cite from  Pennsylvania,  69,000,000  tons,  $142,000,000;  bituminous 
coal,  mostly  from  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Ohio,  West  Virginia  and 
Alabama,  315,000,000  tons,  $335,000,000;  crude  petroleum,  mostly 
from  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  California,  Indiana  and  Texas,  135,000,- 
ooo  barrels  of  42  gallons,  $84,000,000.  The  value  of  illuminating 
oil  exported  was  $55,000,000;  of  other  grades,  $34,000,000.  Natu- 
ral gas,  mostly  from  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  Indiana,  had  a  value 
of  $41,500,000. 

Asphaltum  obtained  in  1905,  mostly  from  California,  Utah, 
and  Texas,  was  valued  at  over  $750,000.  Over  100,000  tons  of 
asphaltum  were  imported  into  the  United  States,  mostly  from 
Trinidad. 

Large  quantities  of  mineral  wax,  ozokerite,  are  imported  from 
Austria,  where  it  occurs  in  extensive  deposits. 


32  CERIUM — CHOLRINE — CHROMIUM. 

CERIUM. 

Together  with  cerium  the  so-called  Rare  Earth  Metals,  lantha- 
num, didymium,  yttrium,  erbium  and  thorium,  will  be  considered. 
In  the  chemical  formulas  it  is  understood  that  Ce  expresses  the 
elements  of  the  cerium  group,  Ce,  La  and  Di;  and  Y  the  elements 
of  the  yttrium  group,  Y  and  Er. 

Occurrence. 

Tysonite,  Ce  F3.  Gadolinite,  Be,  Fe  Y2  Si,  O10. 

Parisite,  Ca  [Ce  F]2  [CO3]3.  Cerite,  H6  Ce4  Si3  O15? 

Bastnasite,  [Ce  F]  CO3.  Most  niobates  and  tantalates. 

Lanthanite,  La2  [CO3]3  .  9  H2O.  Xenotime,  Y  PO4. 

Thorite,  Th  Si  O4.  Monazite,  Ce  PO4,  with  Th  Si  O4.    * 

Allanite,  Ca2  [R  .  OH]  R2  [Si  OJ3.  * 
R=A1,  Fe,  Ceand  Y. 

Uses. — Thorium,  an  exceedingly  rare  element,  is  used  for 
making  incandescent  mantles  for  Welsbach  and  other  lights.  The 
incandescent  material  is  thoria,  Th  O2,  mixed  with  a  little  oxide  of 
cerium,  and  is  mostly  obtained  from  monazite. 

Statistics. — The  production  of  monazite  in  1905,  mostly  from 
North  Carolina,  was  1,352,418  pounds,  valued  at  $163,908. 

CHLORINE. 

Chlorine  is  the  characteristic  non-metallic  constituent  of  the 
chlorides,  see  Dana's  Text-Book  of  Mineralogy,  pages  317  to  323. 
Halite  or  rock  salt,  Na  Cl,  is  the  most  important  mineral  contain- 
ing it. 

Uses. — Hydrochloric  or  muriatic  acid  and  bleaching  powder, 
chloride  of  lime,  are  extensively  used  in  chemical,  metallurgical 
and  manufacturing  industries,  and  their  production  is  generally 
connected  with  that  of  caustic  soda.  Large  quantities  of  bleach- 
ing powder  are  used  in  the  chlorination  process  of  extracting  gold 

from  ores. 

CHROMIUM. 
Occurrence. 

CHROMITE,  Fe  Cr  O4  with  Mg  CrO4. k     Crocoite,  Pb  Cr  O4. 
Uvarovite,  Ca3  (Al,  Cr)2  [Si  OJ3. 

Uses. — The  oxides  Cr2  O3  (green)  and  Cr  O3  (red),  potassium 
dichromate,  lead  chromate,  and  chrome  alum  are  used  as  pigments 
and  for  dyeing  and  calico  printing.  Another  demand  for  chrome 
ore  is  for  making  chrome-steel,  which  possesses  superior  hardness 
and  toughness,  and  is  used  in  making  projectiles,  armor  plate  and 
safes.  For  this  purpose  an  alloy  of  iron  and  chromium  (ferro- 
chromium)  is  made  in  electric  furnaces  and  this  is  added  to  molten 


COBALT — COLUMBIUM — COPPER. 


33 


Glaucodot,  (Co,  Fe)  S  As. 
Erythrite,  Co3  [As  OJ2  .  8  H2O. 


steel.  Considerable  chromite  is  also  employed  in  making  chrome 
bricks,  which  are  very  refractory  and  are  used  for  lining  furnaces. 
Statistics. — Deposits  of  chrome  ore  are  known  in  the  United 
States  in  California  and  North  Carolina,  but  the  annual  produc- 
tion is  very  small.  The  importation  was  54,000  tons,  valued  at 
$725,000. 

COBALT. 
Occurrence. 
Linnseite,  Co3  S4. 
Smaltite,  Co  As2. 
Cobaltite,  Co  S  As. 

Some  cobalt  is  found  in  most  nickel  minerals,  and  the  most 
abundant  supply  of  this  rare  metal  is  derived  from  cobaltiferous 
manganese  oxide  found  in  New  Caledonia. 

Uses. — Cobalt  oxide  is  the  chief  product  demanded  by  the 
trade  and  is  used  for  giving  blue  colors  to  glass  and  porcelain. 
Smalt  is  a  blue  pigment  made  by  grinding  glass  and  other  silicates 
colored  by  cobalt  oxide. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  cobalt  oxide  is  small, 
being  all  derived  as  bi-product  in  the  treatment  of  lead  ores  at 
Mine  La  Motte,  Mo.  The  importation  was  70,000  pounds.  Cobalt 
oxide  is  worth  about  $2.00  per  pound. 

COLUMBIUM, — SEE  NIOBIUM. 


COPPER. 


NATIVE  COPPER,  Cu.     - 

Domeykite,  Cu3  As. 
Algodonite,  Cu<,  As. 
Whitneyite,  Cua  As. 
Berzelianite,  Cu2  Se. 
Rickardite,  Cu4  Te3. 
CHALCOCITE,  Cu2  S.    * 
Stromeyerite,  Cu  Ag  S.     • 
Covellite,  Cu  S. 
BORNITE,  Cu5  Fe  S4. 
CHALCOPYRITE,  Cu  Fe  S,.  » 
Chalcostibite,  Cu  Sb  S2. 
Emplectite,  Cu  Bi  S2. 
TETRAHEDRITE,  Cu8  Sb2  S7. 
Tennantite,  Cu8  As2  S7. 
Enargite,  Cu3  As  S4. 
Atacamite,  Cu2  Cl  [OH],. 


CUPRITE,  Cu20. 

Tenorite  (Melaconite),  Cu  O. 
MALACHITE,  [Cu  .  OH],  CO3.   - 
AZURITE,  [Cu  .  OH]2  Cu  [CO^    ^ 
Dioptase,  H2  Cu  Si  O4. 
CHRYSOCOLLA,  Cu  Si  O3 .  2  H2O? 
Olivenite,  Cu  [Cu  .  OH]  As  O4. 
Libethenite,  Cu  [Cu  .  OH]  PO4. 
Clinoclasite,  [Cu  .  OH]3  As  O4. 
Euchroite,  Cu  [Cu  .  OH]  As  O4.3  H2O. 
Chalcophyllite,      Cu4  [OH]S  As  O4  . 

3i  H20. 

Gerhardtite,  Cu4  [OH]6  [NO3]2. 
Spangolite,  Cu6  Al  Cl  SO10 .  9  H,O. 
Brochantite,  Cu4  [OH]6  SO4. 
Chalcanthite,  Cu  SO4  .  5  H2O.       " 
Chalcomenite,  Cu  Se  O3  .  2  H2O. 


Uses. — Copper  wire,  sheet  and  nails  are  used  extensively,  wire 
especially  for  conductors  of  electricity  and  in  electrical  apparatus. 
One  of  the  chief  uses  of  copper  is  in  making  alloys :  notably  brass, 


34  FLUORINE. 

copper  and  zinc;  bronze,  copper  and  tin,  frequently  also  zinc; 
German  silver  or  white  metal,  copper,  zinc  and  nickel.  Some 
alloys  with  aluminium  are  useful  because  of  their  color  and  high 
tensile  strength.  Copper  sulphate  or  blue  vitriol  is  employed  in 
calico  printing,  in  the  manufacture  of  various  copper  salts,  in 
galvanic  cells,  and  in  numerous  manufacturing  industries. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  copper  in  1905  was 
about  901,000,000  pounds,  valued  (at  15^  c.  per  pound)  at  $140,- 
000,000,  and  mostly  derived  from  the  following  states,  in  the  order 
named:  Montana,  Michigan,  Arizona,  California,  Utah  and  Colo- 
rado. Just  about  one-half  of  the  world's  production  of  copper  is 
from  the  United  States.  The  price  of  copper  in  1905  ranged  from 
i4,8c.  to  i8.4C  per  pound,  while  the  average  price  for  1906  was  over 
IQC.  The  production  of  copper  sulphate,  blue  vitriol,  in  1905  was 
52,000,000  pounds,  valued  at  $2,350,000. 

DIDYMIUM 
ERBIUM 

FLUORINE. 

Occurrence. — Fluorine  is  the  characteristic  non-metallic  con- 
stituent of  the  fluorides,  see  Dana's  Text-Book  of  Mineralogy, 
pages  317  to  323.  Fluorite,  Ca  F2,  and  cryolite,  Nas  Al  F6,  are  the 
only  commercially  important  fluorides.  Fluorine  occurs  as  a  con- 
stituent of  several  carbonates,  silicates  and  phosphates,  frequently 
with  hydroxyl  or  chlorine  isomorphous  with  it.  Some  notable 
examples  are  as  follows : 

Parisite,  Ca  [Ce  F]2  [CO3]3.  APATITE,  Ca4  [Ca  F]  [POJ3  and 
Bastnasite,  [Ce  F]  CO3.  *  Ca4  [Ca  (F,  Cl)]  [POJ3. 

Zunyite,    [Al.2(OH,F,Cl)]6Al2[SiO4]3.  Wagnerite,  [Mg  F]  Mg  PO4. 

TOPAZ,  [Al  F]2  Si  O4,  often  with     -  Triplite,[R  F]  R  PO4;R  =Fe  and  Mn. 

[Al  .  OH]2  Si  O4.  Durangite,  Na  [Al  F]  As  O4. 
LEPIDOLITE,  K  Li  [Al  .  2  (OH,F)]  *   Amblygonite,  Li  [Al  F]  PO4  and  * 

Al  [Si  0,1,.  Li  [Al  (OH,  F)  ]  P04. 

Herderite,  Ca  [Be  (OH,  F)]  PO4. 

Uses. — Fluorite  is  used  chiefly  as  a  flux  in  furnaces  in  which 
steel  and  iron  are  melted;  also  in  the  manufacture  of  opalescent 
glass  and  for  making  hydrofluoric  acid,  H  F,  for  etching  glass. 
The  uses  of  cryolite  are  noted  on  page  26. 

Statistics. — The  production  of  fluorite  in  1905  was  57,385  tons, 
valued  at  $362,488,  the  mineral  coming  from  Eastern  Kentucky 
and  Southern  Illinois.  Fluorite  is  worth  about  $6  per  ton,  $10 
to  $12  when  ground. 


GALLIUM — GERMANIUM — GOLD— HYDROGEN — INDIUM.  35 

GALLIUM. 

Occurrence. — Traces  of  this  very  rare  element  have  been  found 
in  sphalerite  from  a  few  localities. 

GERMANIUM. 
Occurrence. 
Argyrodite,  Ag8  Ge  S6.  Canfieldite,  Ag8  (Sn,  Ge)  S8. 

GOLD.  ' 
Occurrence. 
NATIVE  GOLD,  Au,  but  always  -      Sylvanite,  AuAgTe4.    ^ 

containing  some  silver.  Krennerite,  Au  Te2. 

Petzite,  [Ag,  Au]2  Te.       ^  Calaverite,  Au  Te2.      » 

Gold  is  found  in  many  pyritiferous  and  other  sulphide  ores, 
and  often  it  is  impossible  to  tell  in  just  what  combination  it 
occurs.  This  is  because  of  the  small  amount  of  gold  in  most  ores ; 
thus  a  ton  of  ore  having  one  per  cent,  of  gold  would  contain  291.66 
troy  ounces  of  the  precious  metal,  worth  $6,028,  hence  what  may 
be  called  a  rich  ore,  with  gold  value  of  $60  per  ton,  would  contain 
but  o.oi  per  cent,  of  gold.  The  occurrence  of  gold  in  combination 
with  tellurium  and  associated  with  tellurium  minerals  is  worthy 
of  note. 

Uses. — The  uses  of  gold  for  coin,  ornaments  and  plating  are 
well  known.  The  standard  gold  for  United  States  coin  is  9-ioths 
fine,  9  parts  of  gold  to  i  of  copper.  The  gold  used  in  jewelry  is 
hardened  by  alloying  it  with  copper  and  silver;  18  carat  fine 
being  i8-24ths  gokl  and  6-24ths  other  metals. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  gold  in  1905 'was 
4,265,742  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $88,180,700,  derived  from  the  fol- 
lowing states,  the  numbers  giving  the  nearest  million  dollars: 
Colorado  25,  California  19,  Alaska  14,  South  Dakota  7,  Mon- 
tana 5,  Arizona  3,  Utah  5,  Nevada  5,  Idaho  i,  and  Oregon  i. 
The  world's  production  in  1905  was  valued  at  $380,000,000.  Gold 
is  the  standard  of  value  and  a  troy  ounce  is  worth  $20.67,  equiva- 
lent to  $301.44  per  pound  avoirdupois. 

HYDROGEN. 

Occurrence. — Hydrogen  occurs  in  combination  with  oxygen  in 
water  and  ice,  and  in  the  water  of  crystallization  and  hydroxyl 
radicals  of  many  minerals.  In  combination  with  carbon  it  occurs 
in  hydrocarbons,  bituminous  coal,  petroleum  and  natural  gas. 

INDIUM. 

Occurrence. — This  excessively  rare  metal  is  found  in  small 
quantity  in  sphalerite  from  a  few  localities. 


30  IODINE — IRIDIUM — IRON. 

IODINE. 
Occurrence. 

Marshite,  Cu  I.  lodyrite,  Ag  I. 

Miersite,  4  Ag  I  .  Cu  I.  Lautarite,  Ca  [IO3]2. 

Uses. — Iodine  and  its  compounds  are  used  in  chemical  indus- 
tries and  laboratories,  and  in  pharmaceutical  preparations. 

Statistics. — At  the  present  time  most  of  the  iodine  of  commerce 
comes  from  Chile.  Iodine  is  worth  about  $2.75  per  pound. 

IRIDIUM. 

Occurrence. — This  rare  metal  is  found  sparingly  with  platinum 
ores  as  platiniridium  and  iridosmine. 

Uses. — On  account  of  stability  and  superior  hardness  platinum- 
iridium  alloys  have  been  employed  for  making  standard  weights 
and  measures  of  the  highest  grade.  Hard  iridium  alloys  are  used 
for  tipping  gold  pens. 

Statistics. — A  small  amount  of  iridium  is  obtained  from  Cali- 
fornia ores. 

IRON. 

Occurrence. — Only  typical  iron  compounds  are  included  in  the 
accompanying  table,  and  it  should  be  noted  that  iron  occurs  as  an 
isomorphous  constituent  in  many  minerals,  especially  silicates 
and  phosphates,  replacing  magnesium  and  manganese  when  fer- 
rous, and  aluminium  when  ferric. 

Native  Iron,  Fe  with  Ni.  "                ALMANDITE,  Fe3  AlJSi  OJ,. 

PYRRHOTITE,  Fen  Sia.  ANDRADITE,  Ca3  Fe2  [Si  OJ,. 

PYRITE,  Fe  S2.  Fayallte,  Fe2  Si  O4. 

MARCASITE,  Fe  S,.  Ilvaite,  Ca  Fe,  [Fe  .  OHJSi  O4]a.      • 

HEMATITE,  Fe,  O3.  COLUMBITE,  (Pe,Mn)  (Nb,<Fa)t<V 

ILMENITE,  Fe  Ti  O3.  Triphylite,  Li  Fe  POt. 

MAGNETITE,  Fe3  O4.  Vivianite,  Fe3  [POJ2 .  8  H2O. 

Turgite,  Fe4  O5  [OHJj.  Scorodite,  Fe  As  O4 .  2  H2O. 

GOTHITE,  Fe2  O2  [OH]2.  '                   Melanterite,  Fe  SO4  .  7  H2O. 

LIMONITE,  Fe4  O3  [OH],.  Jarosite,  K2  Fe6  [OH]12  [SOJ4. 

SIDERITE,  Fe  CO3  WOLFRAMITE,  Fe  W  O4. 

In  connection  with  the  iron  industry  it  should  be  noted  that 
ores  must  contain  a  high  percentage  of  iron;  thus  an  average 
Lake  Superior  ore  contains  in  the  neighborhood  of  60%  Fe.  Practi- 
cally the  only  minerals  which  are  mined  as  iron  ores  are  hematite, 
magnetite  and  limonite,  rarely  siderite.  It  should  also  be  noted 
that  phosphorus,  sulphur  and  titanium  are  injurious  constituents 


IRON.  37 

of  ores,  notably  phosphorus,  which  in  a  high-grade  Bessemer 
ore  should  not  exceed  0.05  per  cent.  The  importance  of  lime- 
stone as  a  blast-furnace  flux  is  noted  on  page  30.  The  importance 
of  manganese  is  noted  on  page  40. 

Uses. — The  customary  uses  of  iron  and  steel  in  the  arts  need 
no  special  comment.  The  most  important  commercial  salt  of  iron 
is  copperas,  green  vitriol,  Fe  S  64  .  7  H^O,  employed  in  dyeing,  in 
making  rouge,  inks  and  Prussian  blue,  and  as  a  disinfectant. 
Rouge,  Fe2  O3,  made  from  copperas,  is  used  as  polishing  powder 
and  pigment,  when  it  is  known  as  Venetian  and  Indian  red.  Con- 
siderable soft  iron  ore  is  ground  for  mineral  paint,  ocher,  umber, 
sienna  and  iron  oxide. 

Iron  oxides  may  be  made  to  combine  with  silica  to  form  fusible 
silicates,  hence  the  uses  of  iron  ores  as  fluxes  in  some  smelting 
operations,  notably  in  the  smelting  of  silver  ores. 

Much  attention  is  now  being  paid  to  the  combination  of  small 
quantities  of  nickel,  chromium,  tungsten,  titanium  and  molyb- 
denum with  steel  in  order  to  obtain  metal  of  superior  hardness, 
toughness  and  tempering  qualities. 

Statistics. — The  total  production  of  domestic  ores  in  1905, 
mostly  hematite,  was  nearly  42,500,000  long  tons  (2,240  Ibs.); 
21,700,000  from  Minnesota,  11,600,000  from  Michigan  and  Wis- 
consin, 3,700,000  from  Alabama  and  southern  states,  and  5,500,000 
from  other  sources.  The  iron  ore  imported  was  about  845,000 
tons. 

The  domestic  production  of  pig  iron  was  over  23,000,000  tons, 
which  had  a  value  of  $382,450,000. 

The  production  of  Bessemer  and  open-hearth  steel  in  1905  was 
20,350,000  tons,  worth  about  $28  per  ton  when  rolled  into  rails. 

The  world's  production  of  pig  iron  in  1905  was  54,000,000  tons, 
and  of  steel  43,900,000  tons. 

The  yearly  production  of  pig  iron  in  the  United  States  has 
practically  doubled  with  every  decade  since  1872,  as  shown  by  the 
following,  the  amount  being  long  tons: 

Year,         1872  1882  1892  1902 

Tons,     2,500,000        4,500,000        8,300,000         16,100,000 

The  production  of  copperas,  mostly  as  a  by-product,  amounted 
in  1905  to  21,100  tons,  valued  at  $147,721. 

The  production  of  iron  ores  ground  as  mineral  paint  was 
14,000  tons,  valued  at  $140,000.  The  value  of  similar  imported 
products  amounted  to  about  $140,000. 


38  LEAD. 

LEAD. 
Occurrence. 

Native  lead,  Pb.       •  Phosgenite,  [Pb  Cl]2  CO3.      * 

GALENA,  Pb  S.  Leadhillite,  Pb2  &Pb  .  OH]2[CO3]2SO4. 

Altaite,  Pb  Te.  Barysilite,  Pb3  Si2  O7. 

Clatisthalite,  Pb  Se.  Nasonite,  Pb4  [Pb  Cl]2  Ca4  [Si2  O7]3. 

Zinkenite,  Pb  Sb2  S4.  Ganomalite,  Pb4[Pb.OH]2Ca4[Si2O7]3. 

Sartorite,  Pb  As2  S4.  Melanotekite,  [Fe4  O3]  Pb3  [Si  O4\. 

Jamesonite,  Pb2  Sb2  S5.  "  Kentrolite,  [Mn4  O3]  Pb3  [Si  O4]3. 

Dufrenoysite,  Pb2  As2  S6.    w  PYROMORPHITE,  Pb4  [Pb  Cl]    - 
Cosalite,  Pb2  Bi2  S5.  [PO4]3. 

Meneghinite,  Pb4  Sb2  S7.  Mimetite,  Pb4  [Pb  Cl]  [As  OJ3.     * 

Cotunnite,  Pb  C12.  Vanadinite,  Pb4  [Pb  Cl]  [VO,^.    • 

Percylite,  Pb  Cu  [OH]2  C12.  Descloizite,  (Pb,  Zn)2  [OH]  VO4.   „ 

Matlockite,  Pb2  O  Cla.  ANQLESITE,  Pb  SO4. 

Massicot,  Pb  O.  Crocoite,  Pb  Cr  O4. 

Minium,  Pb3  O4.       "  Wulfenite,  Pb  Mo  O4.         * 

Plattnerite,  Pb  O2.  Stolzite,  Pb  WO4. 
CERUSSITE,  Pb  CO3.  " 

The  almost  universal  association  of  minerals  containing  silver 
and  zinc  with  lead  ores  is  worthy  of  special  note ;  in  fact  a  large 
part  of  the  lead  of  commerce  is  so-called  desilverized  lead,  obtained 
from  the  smelting  of  silver  ores. 

Uses. — Lead  is  extensively  used  as  sheet  and  pipe  by  plumbers, 
as  ballast  for  small  vessels,  for  making  weights,  bullets,  shot  and 
washers,  and  numerous  useful  alloys.  Ordinary  solder  is  made  of 
lead  and  tin,  type  metal  of  lead  and  antimony,  low-fusion  alloys 
of  lead,  bismuth  and  tin.  Much  so-called  tin  foil  contains  consid- 
erable lead.  Litharge,  Pb  O,  is  largely  employed  in  making  flint 
glass  and  glazing  earthenware.  Minium,  Pb3  64,  is  a  red  pigment 
and  is  used  in  glass  making.  White  lead,  [Pb  .  OH]2  Pb  [CO3]2, 
is  the  basis  of  the  best  white  paint,  having  great  covering  power. 
Lead  chromates  are  employed  as  yellow  and  red  pigments.  Lead 
acetate,  sugar  of  lead,  is  the  most  important  soluble  salt,  used 
largely  in  the  arts. 

Statistics. — The  production  from  domestic  ores  in  1905  was 
302,000  tons  of  lead,  valued  at  $28,690,000,  of  which  296,000  tons 
was  desilverized  lead.  The  states  producing  the  largest  quantities 
are  Colorado,  Idaho,  Missouri,  Utah  and  Montana.  The  average 
price  of  lead  in  New  York  during  1905  was  4.yc.  per  pound.  The 
production  of  litharge  was  40,000  tons,  valued  at  $2,300,000;  of  red 
lead  32,000  tons,  valued  at  $2,000,000;  and  of  white  lead  263,000 
tons,  valued  at  $16,000,000. 


LITHIUM — MAGNESIUM.  39 

LITHIUM. 

Occurrence. 

Petalite,  Li  Al  Si4  O10.  Triphylite,  Li  Fe  PO4. 

SPODUMENE,  Li  Al  Si2  O6.     •"  Lithiophilite,  Li  Mn  PO4.      »- 

Eucryptite,  Li  Al  Si  O4.  Amblygonite,  Li  [Al  F]  PO4,  with     * 
LEPIDOLITE,  Li  K  [Al .  2  (OH,  F)]  -          Li  [Al  (OH,  F)]  PO4. 

Al  [Si  03J3. 

Small  quantities  of  lithia  are  found  in  some  natural  spring 
waters  and  in  a  number  of  silicates,  notably  the  micas,  tourmaline 
and  beryl. 

Uses. — Lithia  waters  and  lithia  salts  have  medicinal  properties, 
used  especially  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism  and  goul;.  Pure 
lithia  salts  are  valuable  in  the  laboratory  for  making  monochro- 
matic red  light. 

Statistics. — Lepidolite  is  the  most  important  commercial  source 
of  lithia,  being  chiefly  found  in  San  Diego  County,  California,  the 
annual  production,  however,  being  small. 

MAGNESIUM. 

Occurrence. — Magnesium  is  an  element  of  very  common  occur- 
rence, especially  as  a  component  of  a  number  of  silicates  which 
play  an  important  role  as  rock  constituents.  The  isomorphous 
replacement  of  some  magnesium  by  ferrous  iron  is  very  common. 
All  of  the  more  important  types  of  magnesium  compounds  are 
given  in  the  accompanying  table,  but  the  list  is  not  a  complete 
one. 

Sellaite,  Mg  F2.  Monticellite,  Ca  Mg  Si  O4. 

Bischofite,  Mg  C12  .  6  H2O.  CHRYSOLITE,  [Mg,  Fe]2  Si  O4.    - 

Carnallite,  K  Cl  .  Mg  C12  .  6  H2O.  Chondrodite,  [Mg  (F,  OH)]2  Mg3 

Tachydrite,  Ca  Cl2  .  2  Mg  C12  .  12  H2O.  [Si  OJ2. 

Periclase,  Mg  O.  Humite,  [Mg.  (F,  OH)  k  Mg5  [Si  OJ,. 

SPINEL,  Mg  A12  O4.       "  Clinohumite,  [Mg  (F,  OH)]2  Mg7 

BRUCITE,  Mg  [OH]2.      -  [Si  O4]4. 

DOLOMITE,  CaMg[CO3]2.    *  THE    MICAS,    BIOTITE    AND    *> 

MAQNESITE,  Mg  CO3.  PHLOQOPITE. 

Nesquehonite,  Mg  CO3  .  3  H2O.  THE    CHLORITES,     CLINO-      ^ 

Hydromagnesite,  Mg4  [OH]2  [CO3]3  .  CHLORE. 

3  H20.  SERPENTINE,  H4  Mg3  Si2  O9.      *- 

Lansfordite,  Mg4[OH]  [CO3]3 .  2 1  H2O.  TALC,  H2  Mg3  [Si  O3]4. 

ENSTATITE-BRONZITE,  Wagnerite,  [Mg  F]  Mg  PO4. 

(Mg,  Fe)  Si  O3.  Boracite,  Mg7  C12  B16  O^,. 

Pyroxene,  Ca  [Mg,  Fe]  [Si  O3]2.  Kainite,  Mg  SO4  .  K  Cl  .  3  H2O. 

Anthophyllite,  (Mg,  Fe)  Si  O3.  Schoenite,  K2  Mg  [SOJ2  .  6  H2O. 

AMPHIBOLE,  R  Si  O3,  R  =Mg,  Fe,,  Epsomite,  Mg  SO4  .  7  H2O. 

and  Ca.  Blodite,  Mg  SO4  .  No,  SO4  .  4  H2O.  " 


40  MANGANESE. 

Uses. — Magnesite  when  calcined  yields  magnesia,  Mg  O,  which 
when  compressed  into  bricks  is  used  for  refractory  furnace  lining. 
Magnesia  is  also  used  in  making  non-conductive  covering  for 
boilers  and  steam  pipes.  Magnesia  salts,  especially  the  sulphate, 
are  used  in  the  arts  and  to  some  extent  in  pharmaceutical  prepa- 
rations. Many  limestones  and  marbles  approximate  to  dolomite 
in  composition,  when  they  are  called  dolomitic,  and  some  of  them 
are  valuable  building  stones.  Some  varieties  of  magnesia  mica, 
serpentine  and  talc  are  used  in  the  arts,  and  will  be  referred  to  in 
a  later  paragraph. 

Statistics. — The  production  of  magnesite  is  limited  to  Cali- 
fornia, where  3,900  tons  were  produced  in  1905,  valued  at  $15,000. 
The  importation  of  magnesite  was  valued  at  about  $650,000. 
The  importation  of  Epsom  salts,  Mg  SC>4  .  7  H^O,  had  a  value  of 
$38,000  in  1905. 

MANGANESE. 

Alabandite,  Mn  S.  Helvite,  (Mn,  Fe)2[Mn2S]Be3[SiOJ3. 

Hauerite,  Mn  S2.  Spessartite,  Mn3  A12  [Si  OJ* 

Manganosite,  Mn  O.  Glaucochroite,  Ca  Mn  Si  O4. 

Franklinite,  (Fe,  Mn,  Zn)  Tephroite,  Mn2  Si  O4. 

(Fe,  Mn)2  O4.  Friedelite,  H7  [Mn  Cl]  Mn4  [Si  OJ4. 

Hausmannite,  Mn3  O4.  Piedmontite,  Ca2  [Al  .  OH]  (Al,  Mn)a 
Braunite,  Mn,  (Mn,  Si)  O3.  >  [Si  OJg. 

Bixbyite,  Fe  Mn  O3.  Inesite,  3  (Mn,  Ca)  Si  O3  .  2  H2O. 

Polianite,  Mn  O2.  Lithiophilite,  Li  Mn  PO4. 

MANQANITE,  Mn2  [OH]2  O2.  *  Triplite,  [R  F]  R  P  O4,  R  =  Mn  &  Fe. 
PYROLUSITE,  Mn  O2  with  water?  >  Triploidite,  [R  .  OH]  R  K>4,  R  =Mn 
Pyrochroite,  Mn  [OH]2.  and  Fe. 

Psilomelane,  Mn  O2,  Mn  O,  etc.  •  Sussexite,  H  R  B  O3,  R  =Mn,  Mg  &  Zn. 

RHODOCHROSITE,  Mn  CO3.    *  Hiibnerite,  Mn  W  O4. 
RHODONITE,  Mn  Si  O3. 

A  number  of  common  minerals,  notably  silicates,  contain 
from  traces  to  several  per  cent,  of  oxide  of  manganese,  which  is 
isomorphous  with  the  oxides  of  iron  and  magnesium. 

Uses. — Manganese  ores  are  used  chiefly  in  making  ferro-man- 
ganese  and  spiegeleisen,  compounds  which  are  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  steel.  A  little  metallic  manganese  is  produced  by 
the  electrical  furnace  and  alloyed  with  copper  for  making  man- 
ganese bronze.  Some  oxide  of  manganese  is  employed  by  glass 
makers.  When  added  in  proper  amount  to  molten  glass  the  violet 
color  which  manganese  tends  to  impart  destroys  (complements) 
the  yellow  caused  by  oxide  of  iron,  and  thus  a  nearly  colorless 
product  is  obtained.  The  higher  oxides  of  manganese  are  used  in 


MERCURY — MOLYBDENUM.  41 

laboratories  for  obtaining  oxygen  gas  and  for  liberating  chlorine 
from  hydrochloric  acid.  In  some  regions,  notably  Colorado, 
silver  ores  contain  sufficient  manganese  (generally  rhodochrosite) 
to  make  it  of  decided  value  as  a  flux. 

Statistics. — The  production  of  manganese  ores  in  1905,  mostly 
from  Virginia,  amounted  to  4,118  long  tons  (2,240  Ibs.),  valued  at 
$36,000.  The  larger  part  of  the  manganese  produced  comes  from 
manganiferous  iron  ores  obtained  chiefly  from  the  Lake  Superior 
District  or  Colorado.  The  value  of  such  ores  for  1905  was  $1,500,- 
ooo.  The  importation  was  257,000  tons,  valued  at  $1,900,000. 
It  is  very  important  that  manganese  ores  should  be  low  in  phos- 
phorus, less  than  o.io  per  cent. 

MERCURY,  QUICKSILVER. 
Occurrence. 

Native  Mercury,  Hg.         *  Onofrite,  Hg  (S,  Se) . 

Native  Amalgam,  Hg  with  Ag.  Coloradoite,  Hg  Te.     ^ 

Metacinnabarite,  Hg  S.      '-+  CINNABAR,  Hg  S.     * 

Tiemannite,  Hg  Se.  r  Calomel,  Hg  Cl. 

Uses. — Metallic  mercury  is  used  extensively  in  the  amalgama- 
tion processes  of  extracting  gold  and  silver  from  ores,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  physical  and  chemical  apparatus,  and  in  a  variety  of 
chemical  and  electrical  industries.  The  silvering  on  mirrors  is  an 
amalgam  of  tin  and  mercury.  Mercury  salts  are  extensively  em- 
ployed in  pharmaceutical  preparations,  and  the  sulphide  is  the  red 
pigment  vermilion. 

Statistics. — Quicksilver  is  generally  sold  in  bulk  by  the  flask  of 
763  Ibs.  The  production  in  1905  was  over  30,000  flasks,  or  1,100 
tons,  valued  at  about  $1,103,000,  six-sevenths  of  the  supply  com- 
ing from  California,  the  remainder  from  Texas.  A  little  less  than 
one-third  of  the  world's  production  of  quicksilver  in  1905  was 
produced  in  the  United  States.  The  price  of  mercury  per  flask 
at  San  Francisco  is  about  $40. 

MOLYBDENUM. 
Occurrence. 
MOLYBDENITE,  Mo  Sa.    -  Wulfenite,  Pb  Mo  O4.  " 

Molybdite,  Mo  O3.  Powellite,  Ca  Mo  O4. 

Uses. — Ammonium  molybdate  is  used  in  all  chemical  labora- 
tories for  the  detection  and  estimation  of  phosphoric  acid.  A 
recent  and  large  demand  for  molybdenum  is  for  making  ferro- 
molybdenum.  This  when  combined  with  chrome-steel  gives  a 
product  which  is  self-hardening. 


42  NICKEL — NIOBIUM. 

Statistics. — Only  a  little  molybdenite  is  produced  in  the  United 
States;  the  price,  however,  for  nearly  pure  mineral  is  about  $400 
per  ton. 

NICKEL. 

Meteoric  and  native  nickel-iron,  awar-  Chloanthite,  Ni  As2. 

uite  and  josephinite,  Fe  with  Ni.  Qersdorffite,  Ni  As  S.   " 

Pentlandite,  (Ni,  Fe)  S.  Ullmanite,  Ni  Sb  S. 

Millerite,  Ni  S.  Rammelsbergite,  Ni  As2. 

Niccolite,  Ni  As.  Zaratite,  Ni3  [OR],  CO3  .  4  H2O.   ^ 

Breithauptite,  Ni  Sb.  Qenthite,  Ni2  Mg2  Si3  O10  .  6  H2O? 

NICKELIFEROUSPYRRHOTITE.,  Garnierite,   noumeaite,  H2NiSiO4?  ^ 

Linnseite,  (Co,  Ni,  Fe)3  S4.     •  Annabergite,  Ni3  [As  O4]2  .  8  H2O.  - 

Melonite,  Ni2  Te3.  Morenosite,  Ni  SO4  .  7  H2O.    *- 

Uses. — The  chief  demand  for  nickel  is  for  making  nickel-steel, 
which  contains  about  3^  per  cent,  of  nickel,  possesses  great  strength 
and  toughness,  and  is  used  for  armor  plate.  For  various  uses 
in  the  steel  industry  products  known  as  ferro-nickel,  chrome  - 
nickel,  tungsten -nickel  and  molybdenum-nickel  are  manufactured.  « 
There  are  numerous  important  alloys  of  nickel:  German  silver, 
containing  Cu,  Zn  and  Ni;  metal  for  coinage,  containing  Cu  and 
Ni;  and  also  some  alloys  with  aluminium  which  possess  great 
strength.  -Considerable  metal  is  used  in  nickel  plating. 

Statistics. — Owing  to  the  rare  occurrence  of  nickel  minerals 
the  production  of  nickel  from  domestic  ores  amounts  to  but  a  few 
thousand  pounds  a  year,  mostly  obtained  as  a  by-product  from  the 
treatment  of  lead  ores  at  Mine  La  Motte,  Mo.  The  production 
from  foreign  ores,  chiefly  pyrrhotite  and  pentlandite  from  Sud-  , 
bury,  Canada,  amounted  in  1905  to  about  18,876,000  pounds, 
valued  at  $7,500,000.  Next  in  importance  to  the  sulphide  ores 
of  Sudbury  come  the  silicate  (garnierite)  deposits  of  New  Cale- 
donia. The  world's  production  of  nickel  in  1905  amounted  to 
about  20,000,000  pounds.  An  average  price  for  nickel  is  about 
4oc.  per  pound.  • 


NIOBIUM,  called  also  COLUMBIUM. 

Occurrence. — Niobium  is  a  rare  non-metallic  or  acid  constitu- 
ent found  in  the  niobates  and  tantalates,  see  Dana's  Text-Book  of 
Mineralogy,  pages  489  to  493. 

There  are  no  uses  for  niobium  or  its  compounds. 


NITROGEN — OSMIUM.  43 

NITROGEN. 

Occurrence. — Nitrogen  is  the  characteristic  non -metallic  con- 
stituent of  the  nitrates,  which,  owing  to  their  solubility,  are  of 
exceptional  occurrence  as  minerals.  Nitrogen  is  a  constituent  also 
of  ammonia  and  its  compounds,  which  occur  rarely  as  minerals. 
Air  is  essentially  a  mixture  of  *  nitrogen  and  oxygen  gases,  in 
about  the  proportion  of  four  volumes  of  nitrogen  to  one  of  oxygen. 

Uses. — Nitric  acid  and  its  salts  and  ammonia  compounds  are 
extensively  used  in  argiculture,  and  in  chemical  industries  and 
laboratories.  Explosives,  such  as  gunpowder,  guncotton,  nitro- 
glycerin,  dynamite,  material  for  fireworks,  etc.,  contain  either 
nitric  acid  derivatives  or  niter.  Ammonia  gas  is  used  in  artificial 
refrigerating  plants.  Nitrogen,  either  in  nitrates  or  ammonia 
salts,  or  in  refuse  organic  matter,  is  essential  for  plant  nutrition, 
nitrogen  of  the  air  not  being  available  for  this  purpose,  except 
under  conditions  which  do  not  ordinarily  prevail. 

Statistics. — Practically  the  world's  supply  of  crude  mineral 
material  for  making  nitric  acid  and  nitrates  is  sodium  nitrate, 
the  so-called  Chile  saltpeter,  found  in  almost  rainless  regions  in 
Chile  and  Bolivia.  Ammonia  is  almost  wholly  derived  as  by- 
product from  coke  and  gas  ovens  in  which  bituminous  coal  is  dis- 
tilled. The  salt  most  in  demand  is  ammonium  sulphate,  the 
larger  part  of  which  is  used  in  fertilizers.  The  domestic  produc- 
tion of  ammonium  sulphate  in  1905  was  38,000,000  pounds,  value 
$1,000,000.  The  price  of  commercial  fertilizers  is  based  upon  the 
amount  of  plant  nutriment  they  contain.  Of  the  three  important 
nutritive  elements,  nitrogen,  phosphorus  and  potassium,  nitrogen 
heads  the  list,  its  value  per  pound  being  about  14.50. 

OSMIUM. 

Occurrence. — A  very  rare  element  found  in  iridosmium  and  in 
traces  with  the  metals  of  the  platinum  group. 

Uses. — The  use  of  osmium  for  filaments  for  incandescent 
electric  lights,  in  place  of  the  ordinary  carbon  filaments,  is  caus- 
ing a  demand  for  this  rare  element.  Osmium  is  worth  about  $21 
per  troy  ounce. 


44  OXYGEN — PALLADIUM — PHOSPHORUS. 

OXYGEN. 

Occurrence. — Most  minerals  contain  oxygen,  the  exceptions 
being  the  native  elements;  the  sulphides,  tellurides  and  selenides; 
the  sulpho-salts  (sulphantimonites,  sulpharsenites)  and 
the  halogen-salts. 

Uses. — Special  importance  is  attache!  to  certain  higher  oxides, 
notably  those  of  manganese  and  lead,  and  to  nitrates  and  chlo- 
rates which  contain  available  oxygen  for  bringing  about  oxidations 
or  obtaining  oxygen  gas.  Oxygen  and  hydrogen  gases  are  now 
made  by  the  electrolysis  of  water,  the  oxygen,  compressed  in 
cylinders,  being  sold  for  use  in  medicine  and  for  oxy hydrogen 
blowpipes. 

PALLADIUM. 

Occurrence. — A  rare  metal  of  the  platinum  group,  found  native 
and  in  traces  in  native  platinum. 

* 

PHOSPHORUS. 

Occurrence. — Phosphorus  is  the  characteristic  non-metallic 
constituent  of  the  phosphates;  see  Dana's  Text-Book  of  Min- 
eralogy, pages  494  to  516. 

Uses. — There  are  two  modifications  of  the  element  phospho- 
rus: the  common  colorless  variety,  cast  generally  in  sticks,  which 
finds  limited  uses  in  laboratories  and  various  chemical  industries, 
and  the  red,  amorphous  variety  used  to  some  extent  in  chemical 
industries,  but  extensively  along  with  other  substances  in  the 
manufacture  of  matches. 

Phosphates  are  essential  for  plant  nutrition  and  are  impor- 
tant in  the  manufacture  of  commercial  fertilizers,  phosphorus, 
reckoned  generally  as  phosphoric  anhydride,  P2  0$,  ranking  next 
to  nitrogen  in  importance  (compare  page  43).  The  mineral  phos- 
phates mined  for  making  fertilizers  are  either  apatite,  Ca4  [Ca  F] 
[POJs,  or  so-called  phosphate  rock,  which  is  a  calcium  phosphate 
closely  related  to  apatite  in  chemical  composition.  Phosphate  rock 
is  generally  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  to  make  the  phosphoric  acid 
soluble  and  thus  available  to  the  roots  of  plants.  The  inorganic 
material  of  the  bones  of  mammals  is  essentially  calcium  phosphate, 
and  phosphorus  is  contained  in  animal  tissues  and  excreta,  hence 
the  extensive  use  of  refuse  animal  matter  and  manure  as  fertilizers. 
Phosphoric  acid  and  various  phosphates  are  used  in  pharma- 
ceutical preparations.  The  harmful  influence  of  phosphorus,  even 
in  very  small  quantity,  on  iron  and  steel  should  be  noted  (see 
page  36). 


PLATINUM. 


45 


Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  phosphate  rock,  mined 
chiefly  in  Florida,  Tennessee  and  South  Carolina,  amounted  in  1905 
to  over  2,000,000  tons,  valued  at  about  $6,700,000.  About  one- 
fourth  of  the  product  was  exported,  mostly  to  Germany.  The 
world's  production  of  phosphate  rock  in  1904  was  about  3,500,000 
tons.  The  valuation  of  commercial  fertilizers  is  based  upon  the 
amounts  of  plant  nutriment  they  contain,  which  must  be  deter- 
mined by  chemical  analysis.  The  three  important  constituents 
are  phosphoric  anhydride,  P205,  nitrogen,  and  potash,  K^O. 
Soluble  or  available  P2O5  is  valued  at  a  trifle  over  30.  per  pound, 
or  62^  c.  per  unit  of  20  pounds  (one  per  cent.)  per  ton.  Insoluble 
phosphate  rock,  even  if  finely  ground,  is  of  very  little  agricultural 
value ,  unless  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  so  as  to  make  the  ?205 
available. 

PLATINUM. 
Occurrence. 

Native  Platinum,  Pt,  with  some  Fe  and  traces  of  rare  platinum  metals.  ^ 
Sperrylite,  Pt  As2. 

Uses. — Owing  to  its  difficult  fusibility  and  insolubility  in 
acids,  platinum,  manufactured  into  wire,  foil,  crucibles,  dishes, 
stills,  and  various  forms  of  apparatus,  is  indispensable  to  the 
chemist  and  in  certain  chemical  industries.  There  are  numerous 
uses  for  it  in  connection  with  electricity:  thus  for  making  con- 
nections where  a  metal  is  needed  which  does  not  corrode ;  and  fine 
platinum  wire  fused  into  glass  is  used  in  carrying  the  electric 
current  to  the  incandescent  filaments  of  electric  lights.  The  incan- 
descent thoria  mantles  of  the  Welsbach  light  are  generally  hung 
on  platinum  wire.  Potassium  chloro-platinate,  2  K  Cl .  Pt  C^, 
is  used  to  a  considerable  extent  in  photography.  A  noteworthy 
feature  of  the  platinum  industry  is  that  demands  for  the  metal 
are  multiplying,  with  no  appreciable  increase  in  the  supply. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  platinum  in  1905  was 
318  ounces,  valued  at  $5,320,  the  supply  coming  almost  wholly 
from  gold  placer  deposits  in  California.  The  importation  in  1905 
was  valued  at  over  $2,000,000.  The  world's  supply  of  platinum 
comes  from  the  Urals,  where  nearly  200,000  ounces  are  produced 
annually.  The  price  of  platinum  has  been  steadily  rising,  being 
worth  in  September,  1906,  $34  per  ounce,  about  three  times  what 
it  was  in  1895. 


46  POTASSIUM. 

POTASSIUM. 

Occurrence. 

SYLVITE,  K  Cl.  Langbeinite,  K2  Mg2  [SOJ3. 

CARNALLITE,  K  Mg  C13  .  6  H2O.  KAINITE,  K  Cl  .  Mg  SO4  .  3  H2O. 

FELDSPAR,    ORTHOCLASE    and^  SCHOENITE,  K2Mg[SO4]2 .  6  H2O. 

MICROCLINE,  K  Al  Si3  O8.  Polyhalite,  K2  Ca2  Mg  [SO4]4  .  2  H2O. 

LEUCITE,  K  Al  [Si  O3]2.  Kalinite,  K  Al  [SOJ2  .  12  H2O.    * 

Apophyllite,  and  a  few  Zeolites.    •"        Alunite,  K2  A16  [OH]12  [SO4]4.        " 
MUSCOVITE,  H2  K  A18  [SiO^.     •"        Jarosite,  K2  Fe6  [OH]12  [SOJ4.        * 
BIOTITE,  and  other  Micas. 

Uses. — Potash  salts  are  essential  for  plant  nutrition  and  are 
more  largely  employed  in  agriculture  than  in  any  single  industry. 
The  potash  salts  most  in  demand  are  as  follows:  The  chloride, 
used  in  fertilizers  and  in  making  other  potash  salts ;  the  carbonate, 
bicarbonate  and  caustic  potash,  used  in  making  soft  soaps  and  flint 
and  Bohemian  glass;  the  nitrate,  niter,  for  making  gunpowder; 
the  chlorate,  for  making  matches  and  oxygen  gas,  and  used  also  in 
medicine;  the  cyanide,  employed  in  large  quantities  in  the  extrac- 
tion of  gold  from  ores;  the  bromide  and  iodide,  used  in  medicine. 

Statistics. — It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  no  commercially  im- 
portant deposits  of  potash  minerals  have  as  yet  been  found  in  the 
United  States.  The  world's  supply  of  potash  at  the  present  time 
is  mostly  derived  from  deposits  round  about  Stassfurt  in  Ger- 
many, though  some  potash  is  obtained  from  what  was  at  one  time 
almost  the  only  source,  the  leaching  of  the  ashes  of  plants,  some 
from  brines  left  over  after  separating  common  salt  from  sea  water, 
and  some  from  the  washing  of  sheep's  wool,  the  salty  perspiration 
retained  by  the  wool  containing  a  rather  large  proportion  of  potash 
salts.  The  slow  decay  of  the  common  rock-making  silicates,  feld- 
spars and  micas,  undoubtedly  gives  rise  to  the  potash  of  soils, 
needed  as  plant  nutriment,  but  attempts  to  get  potash  from  feld- 
spars on  a  commercial  scale  have  failed,  as  the  processes  are  so 
costly  as  not  to  be  able  to  compete  with  the  production  in  Ger- 
many. 

The  production  of  potassium  salts  in  Germany  had  a  total 
value  of  $31,000,000.  The  importation  of  potash  salts  into  the 
United  States  in  1905  was  valued  at  $5,300,000. 

For  agricultural  purposes,  potash,  reckoned  as  K^O,  is  worth 
about  4  to  4j  c.  per  pound  (compare  nitrogen  and  phosphorus). 


RHODIUM — RUBIDIUM — RUTHENIUM — SELENIUM — SILICON.      47 

RHODIUM. 

Occurrence. — This  rare  metal  of  the  platinum  group  is  found 
in  native  platinum,  indium  and  iridosmine. 

RUBIDIUM. 

Occurrence. — This  rare  alkali  metal  is  found  in  small  quantity 
in  lepidolite,  and  in  minute  traces  in  a  few  other  silicates  and  some 
mineral  spring  waters. 

RUTHENIUM. 

Occurrence. — This  rare  metal  of  the  platinum  group  is  found 
in  laurite,  Ru  82,  and  in  iridosmine. 

SELENIUM. 
Occurrence. 

Selen-Tellurium,  Te  with  Se.  Crookesite,  (Cu,  Tl,  Ag)2  Se. 

Guanajuatite,  Bi2  Se3.  Aguilarite,  Ag2  S  .  Ag2  Se. 

Clausthalite,  Pb  Se,  Tiemannite,  Hg  Se. 

Naumannite,  (Ag2,  Pb)  Se.  r  Onofrite,  Hg  (S,  Se). 

Berzelianite,  Cu2  Se.  Umangite,  Cu3  Se2. 

Eucairite,  Cu  Ag  Se.  Chalcomenite,  Cu  Se  O3  .  2  H2O. 

Uses. — As  far  as  known  there  are  no  uses  for  this  element 
except  in  the  laboratory  for  making  rare  chemical  preparations. 

SILICON. 

Occurrence. — Silicon  is  the  characteristic  non -metallic  con- 
stituent of  the  silicates,  salts  of  silicic  acid  (see  Dana's  Text-Book 
of  Mineralogy,  pages  368  to  488).  Silicon  occurs  also  as  oxide, 
quartz,  agate,  flint,  chalcedony  and  tridymite,  and  as  hydroxide, 
opal. 

Uses. — There  are  no  uses  for  the  element  silicon.  In  ordinary 
pig  iron  silicon  occurs  in  varying  proportions,  up  to  5  or  6  per  cent., 
generally  about  2  per  cent.,  and  plays  an  important  r61e  in  the 
metallurgy  of  iron  and  steel.  For  use  in  steel  metallurgy,  ferro- 
silicon  (Fe  with  10%  to  25%  Si)  is  now  made  in  electric  furnaces. 
The  burning  of  the  silicon  to  Si  Q%  gives  an  intense  heat  which 
is  needed  in  certain  operations.  There  are  uses  for  various  sili- 
cates which  are  noted  either  under  the  metallic  constituents  or 
under  the  heading  Useful  Minerals.  The  uses  of  oxide  of  silicon 
in  various  forms,  quartz,  quart zite,  sandstone,  flint,  etc.,  are 
given  below. 

Uses  of  Si  02. — White  beach  sand  is  composed  almost  wholly 
and  ordinary  sand  mostly  of  quartz,  and  has  many  uses,  especially 


48  SILICON. 

in  making  mortar,  while  very  pure  grades  are  used  in  the  glass 
industry.  Quartzite  and  sandstone  consist  of  quartz  grains  more 
or  less  firmly  united,  and  are  quarried  for  building  materials, 
flagstones,  grindstones,  millstones,  whetstones  and  other  uses. 
Well  rounded  beach  pebbles  put  into  revolving  cylinders  are  used 
for  pulverizing  many  substances.  Ground  quartz  and  flint  are 
used  extensively  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery,  to  some  extent  as 
abrasive  material  in  scouring  soaps,  marble  cutting  and  sandpaper, 
and,  when  ground  to  impalpable  powder  and  mixed  with  oils,  as 
wood  -filler  in  finishing  fine  carpenter  work.  Pure  transparent 
quartz  is  used  for  cutting  into  ornaments,  rock-crystal  dishes, 
vases,  spheres,  etc.;  for  making  eye-glasses  (pebbles)  which  are 
superior  to  glass  in  being  harder;  and  for  making  prisms  and 
optical  preparations. 

Opals,  amethyst  and  smoky-quartz,  and  moss,  banded  and 
variously  colored  agates  are  used  in  jewelry.  Mortars  for  the 
laboratory  are  made  of  agate. 

Infusorial  earth  is  a  very  fine  earthy  material  consisting  of 
microscopic  silicious  shells  of  vegetable  organisms  known  as 
diatoms.  The  material,  sold  often  as  tripoli  and  electro-silicon,  is 
used  for  polishing  articles  of  metal,  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
giant  powder,  when  the  infusorial  earth  is  used  as  an  absorbent 
for  nitro-glycerin. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  buhrstones  and  mill- 
stones in  1905  was  valued  at  $37,000.  The  stones,  generally  made 
from  quartzite  or  conglomerate,  are  used  for  grinding  grain,  min- 
eral-paint, fertilizers,  cement  rock,  barites  and  other  minerals, 
and  come  mostly  from  the  Eastern  Appalachian  region  in  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  The  value  of 
grindstones  was  $777,000,  while  that  of  whetstones  and  scythe- 
stones  was  $244,000,  the  finest  whetstone,  known  as  novaculite, 
coming  from  Arkansas. 

The  production  of  pure  quartz  for  grinding  is  confined  mostly 
to  Connecticut  and  amounted  in  1905  to  19,000  tons,  valued  at 
$88,000. 


SILVER.  49 

SILVER. 

Occurrence. 

Native  Silver,  Ag.  Stephanite,  5  Ag2  S  .  Sb2  S3. 

Amalgam,  Ag  with  Hg.  Polybasite,  9  Ag2  S  .  Sb2  S3,  Cu  iso. 

Dyscrasite,  Ag6  Sb.  w.  Ag. 

Argentite,  Ag2  S.  Pearceite,  9  Ag2Sx.  As2S3,Cu  iso.w.  Ag. 

Hessite,  Ag2  Te.  Polyargyrite,  12  Ag2  S  .  Sb2  S3. 

Petzite,  (Ag,  Au)2  Te.  Argyrodite,  4  Ag2  S  .  Ge  S2. 

Stromeyerite,  Ag2  S  .  Cu2  S.  •/             Canfieldite,  4  Ag2  S  .  Sn  S2,  Ge  iso. 

Sylvanite,  Ag  Te2  .  Au  Te2.  *                    w.  Sn. 

Matildite,  Ag2  S  .  Bi2  S3.  Cerargyrite,  Ag  Cl.        *" 

Miargyrite,  Ag2  S  .  Sb2  S3.  Embolite,  Ag  (Cl,  Br).   * 

Pyrargyrite,  3  Ag2  S  .  Sb2  S3.  '-"  Bromyrite,  Ag  Br. 

Proustite,  3  Ag2  S  .  As2  S3.  •              lodyrite,  Ag  I. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  there  are  argentiferous  varieties 
of  many  minerals,  notably  those  containing  lead  and  copper, 
which  are  especially  valuable  as  ores,  as  galena,  chalcocite, 
bornite,  chalcopyrite  and  tetrahedrite.  It  is  difficult  in  many 
cases  to  decide  whether  the  small  amount  of  silver  in  argentiferous 
lead  and  copper  minerals  is  truly  isomorphous  with  the  lead  and 
copper,  or  due  to  traces  of  associated  silver  minerals  mechan- 
ically mixed  with  them. 

Uses. — The  uses  of  silver  for  coin,  for  various  domestic  and 
ornamental  objects,  and  for  plating  are  well  known.  Generally 
an  alloy  is  used  instead  of  pure  silver.  The  standard  coin  of  the 
United  States  contains  9  parts  of  silver  to  one  of  copper.  Silver 
salts  are  used  extensively  in  photography,  and  the  nitrate  in  medi- 
cine for  cauterization. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  silver  in  1905  was 
56,000,000  troy  ounces,  valued  at  $34,000,000.  The  production 
of  the  several  states  in  million  ounces  was  about  as  follows :  Colo- 
rado 13,  Montana  13,  Utah  10,  Idaho  8,  Nevada  5,  and  Arizona  2}. 
The  world's  production  amounted  to  189,000,000  ounces.  The 
average  value  of  the  metal  for  the  year  was  about  60  c.  per  fine 
ounce. 

Metallurgical. — In  connection  with  the  metallurgy  of  silver 
a  few  points  are  of  importance:  Owing  to  the  price  of  silver,  a 
small  amount  of  the  metal  in  an  ore,  expressed  as  per  cent.,  is  of 
considerable  value.  Thus  an  ore  containing  0.34  per  cent.  Ag 
would  yield  100  ounces  per  ton,  which  is  far  above  the  average 
run  of  silver  ores.  In  assaying,  the  amount  of  silver  is  generally 
given  as  ounces  per  ton.  The  metallurgy  of  silver  is  intimately 
connected  with  that  of  lead,  ores  containing  both  metals  being 


SODIUM. 


smelted  so  that  silver  may  be  taken  up  by  the  lead  (see  page  38). 
In  the  smelting  process,  lime,  Ca  O,  and  oxides  of  iron  and  man- 
ganese add  to  the  value  of  ores  because  of  their  quality  as  fluxes, 
and  zinc,  which  scarcely  ever  fails,  is  especially  harmful,  as  it 
interferes  with  the  proper  running  of  the  furnaces. 


SODIUM. 
Occurrence. 

HALITE,  Na  Cl. 
CRYOLITE,  Na3  Al  F6.      S 
Pachnolite,  Na  Ca  Al  F6  .  H2O. 
Thomsenolite,  Na  Ca  Al  Fc  .  H2O. 
Dawsonite,  Na  [Al  .  2  OH]  CO3.     ' 
Thermonatrite,  Na2  CO3  .  H2O.     ^ 
Northupite,  Na2  Mg  [CO3]2  .  Na  Cl.  • 
Natron,  Na2  CO3  .  10  H2O.  *- 

Trona,  Na2  CO3 .  H  Na  CO3 .  2  H2O.* 
Pirssonite,  Na2  Ca  [CO3]2  .  2  H2O.  ' 
Gay=Lussite,  Na2  Ca  [CO3]2  .  5  H2O.' 
Eudidymite,  H  Na  Be  Si3  O8. 
ALBITE,  Na  Al  Si3  O8,  and  Albite-^ 
Anorthite  series  of  triclinic  feld- 
spars. 

^Egirite,  Na  Fe  [Si  O3]2. 
Jadeite,  Na  Al  [Si  O  Ja. 
Pectolite,  H  Na  Ca2  [Si  O3]2.    ^ 
Glaucophane,  Na  Al  [Si  O3]2 .  (Fe,Mg) 

Si  03. 

Eudyalite,Na13(Ca,Fe)6Cl(Si,Zr)20O£2? 
NEPH ELITE,  approximately 

Na  Al  Si  O4. 

Cancrinite,     H6  Na6  Ca  [Na  CO3]2  A18 
[Si  OJ9. 


Sodalite,  Na4  [Al  Cl]  Al,  [Si  OJ3. 
Haiiynite,  (Na2,  Ca)2  [Al .  Na  SO.JAL, 

[Si  04]3. 

Noselite,  Na4  [Al .  NaSOJ  A12 
Lazurite,  Na4  [Al .  NaS3]  A12 
WERNERITEor\Ca4Al6Si6025     , 
SCAPOLITE,     /  Na4  A13  Si9 O24  Cl. 
ANALCITE,  Na  Al  [Si  O3]2 .  H2O.    " 
NATROLITE,  Na2Al2Si3O10  .  2  H2O./ 
Paragonite,  H2  Na  A13  [Si  O^.     . 
Natrophilite,  Na  Mn  PO4. 
Beryllonite,  Na  Be  PO4. 
Durangite,  Na  [Al  F]  As  O4. 
SODA=NITER,  Na  NO3. 
Darapskite,  Na  NO3..  Na2  SO4 .  HjO. 
BORAX,  Na2  B4O7  .  10  H2O. 
Ulexitd,  Na  Ca  B5  O9  .  8  H2O?      * 
Thenardite,  Na2  SO4.  \  .»- 

Glauberite,  Na2  Ca  [SO4]2. 
Sulphohalite,  2  Na2  SO4 .  Na  Cl .  NaF.  » 
Hanksite,      9  Na2  SO4  .  2  Na2  CO8 .  - 

KC1. 

Mirabilite,  Na2  SO4  .  10  H2O. 
Natrojarosite,  Na2  Fe6  [OH]12[SOJ4  . 


In  addition  to  the  foregoing  compounds  sodium  is  found  in 
variable  quantities  in  a  number  of  common  minerals  where  it 
plays  the  r61e  of  an  isomorphous  constituent. 

[7s£s. — There  is  some  demand  for  metallic  sodium  in  chemical 
industries  and  laboratories,  and  it  is  now  generally  made  by  elec- 
trolytic methods.  Halite,  or  rock  salt,  is  used  in  enormous  quan- 
tities in  the  manufacture  of  soda-ash,  caustic-soda  and  various  soda 
salts,  in  addition  to  its  uses  in  every  household,  and  for  packing 
and  preserving  meats  and  fish.  Sodium  hydroxide,  caustic-soda 
Or  lye,  has  various  uses,  but  is  chiefly  employed  in  the  manufacture 
of  soap.  Crude  sodium  carbonate  or  soda-ash  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  glass  and  in  the  preparation  of  sodium  compounds. 
Crystallized  sodium  carbonate  or  sal-soda,  Na2  COs  .  10  H^O,  is 


STRONTIUM.  51 

used  for  cleansing  and  is  mixed  with  powdered  soaps  for  giving 
added  cleansing  quality.  Sodium  bicarbonate,  or  baking  soda, 
H  Na  CO3,  is  used  in  every  household,  and  extensively  in  making 
baking  powders  and  in  medicine. 

The  ordinary  glaze  on  cheap  stoneware  and  tile  is  produced 
by  throwing  salt  into  kilns  where  the  ware  is  burned.  The  salt 
volatilizes  and  reacts  with  various  silicates  of  the  ware,  giving  rise 
to  a  glaze  of  fused  sodium  silicate.  This  glaze  is  quite  different 
from  that  produced  by  feldspar  on  more  costly  ware. 

Statistics. — Common  salt  or  halite  is  practically  the  basis  of 
all  soda  industries,  consequently  of  glass  and  soap  making.  The 
domestic  production  of  salt  in  1905  was  26,000,000  barrels  of  280 
pounds,  valued  at  the  works  at  about  $6,000,000.  The  leading 
salt-producing  states  and  their  approximate  production  in  million 
barrels  are  as  follows:  Michigan  9^,  New  York  8^,  Ohio  2j,  Kansas 
2,  and  Louisiana  i.  At  the  present  time  the  United  States  is 
the  leading  salt-producing  country  of  the  world,  and  furnishes 
about  one-fourth  of  the  total  production.  Salt  is  worth  about 
$1.50  to  $2  per  barrel  in  New  York. 

Sodium  bicarbonate  produced  from  natural  deposits  in  the 
arid  regions  of  California  and  Nevada  amounted  in  1904  to  12,000 
tons,  valued  at  $18,000,  and  considerable  soda  is  made  from  cry- 
olite brought  from  Greenland,  but  the  total  amounts  from  these 
sources  are  small  compared  with  the  production  from  common 
salt. 

STRONTIUM. 
Occurrence. 

STRONTIANITE,  Sr  CO3.      ^  Hamlinite,  [Sr .  OH]  [Al .  2OH]3P2O7. 

Brewsterite,  CELESTITE,  Sr  SO4.    *- 

H4  (Sr,  Ca,  Ba)  A12  [Si  O3]6  .  3  H2O. 

Uses. — Strontium  oxide  and  hydroxide  are  used  in  refining 
beet  sugar,  and  other  salts,  especially  the  nitrate,  Sr  [NO3]2,  are 
employed  for  making  red  fire  in  pyrotechnics. 

Statistics. — There  is  practically  no  production  of  strontium 
minerals  in  the  United  States,  though  they  would  command  good 
prices.  The  supply  of  strontium  salts  conies  almost  wholly  from 
Germany,  and  as  an  indication  of  their  value  strontium  nitrate  is 
quoted  in  New  York  at  about  $140  per  ton. 


52  SULPHUR — TANTALUM. 

SULPHUR. 

Occurrence. — Sulphur  is  found  native,  which  is  one  of  its  most 
important  occurrences  from  an  economic  standpoint.  In  combi- 
nation with  metals  sulphur  forms  sulphides  and  sulpho-salts  (sul- 
phantimonites,  etc.),  many  of  which  are  of  great  importance  as 
ores  (see  Dana's  Text-Book  of  Mineralogy,  pages  281  to  316). 
Sulphur  in  combination  with  the  metals  and  oxygen  forms  sul- 
phates (see  Dana,  pages  523  to  538). 

Uses. — Sulphur  (brimstone)  and  pyrite,  Fe  82,  are  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid  (oil  of  vitriol)  which  is  employed  in 
numerous  chemical  and  metallurgical  industries,  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  fertilizers  and  in  the  refining  of  petroleum.  Sulphur 
dioxide,  formed  by  burning  sulphur,  is  used  in  enormous  quantity 
in  the  preparation  of  wood  pulp  for  paper  stock,  also  to  some 
extent  as  an  antiseptic  and  disinfectant,  and  for  bleaching  silk, 
wool  and  straw  materials.  The  element  sulphur  is  used  in  vul- 
canizing rubber,  in  making  gunpowder,  for  tipping  matches,  and 
in  a  finely  divided  condition  (flowers  of  sulphur)  in  medicine. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  sulphur  in  1905  was 
181,677  tons,  valued  at  $3,706,560,  the  supply  coming  from 
Louisiana,  Nevada  and  Utah.  There  were  also  produced  250,000 
tons  of  pyrite,  valued  at  about  $1,000,000.  The  importation  of 
sulphur  in  1905  amounted  to  nearly  85,000  tons,  valued  at  $1,567,- 
485,  and  of  pyrite  511,946  tons,  valued  at  $1,774,379.  The  world's 
production  of  sulphur  (brimstone)  is  about  600,000  tons,  more 
than  90  per  cent,  coming  from  the  island  of  Sicily. 

Most  of  the  sulphur  (brimstone)  consumed  in  the  United 
States  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  stock.  The  pyrite  is 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid,  consumed  largely  by 
chemical  and  agricultural  companies  and  by  the  Standard  Oil 
Company. 

TANTALUM. 

Occurrence. — The  rare  element  tantalum  is  found  in  connection 
with  niobium  in  the  niobates  and  tantalates  (see  Dana's  Text -Book 
of  Mineralogy,  pages  489  to  493).  There  are  no  uses  for  tantalum. 


TELLURIUM — THALLIUM — THORIUM — TIN.  53 

TELLURIUM. 
Occurrence. 

Native  Tellurium,  Te.  Sylvanite,  Au  Ag  Te4. 

Selen-tellurium,  (Te,  Se).  Krennerite,  Au  Te2l  with  some  Ag 

Tetradymite,  Bi2  Te2  S.  '                       Calaverite,  Au  Te2  /      iso.  w.  Au.  - 

Hessite,  Ag2  Te.  Nagyagite,  Au2  Sb2  Pb10  Te6  S16? 

Petzite,  (Ag,  Au)2  Te.  "                         Tellurite,  Te  O2. 

Altaite,  Pb  Te.  Montanite,  [Bi  .  2  OH^  TeO4. 

Coloradoite,  Hg  Te.  Durdenite,  Fe3  [Te  O3]3  .  4  H2O. 

Melonite,  Ni2  Te3.  Emmonsite,  hydrated  ferric  tellurite. 
Rickardite,  Cu4  Te3. 

Uses. — There  is  no  demand  for  tellurium,  except  a  very  limited 
one  for  making  rare  laboratory  preparations. 

THALLIUM. 

Occurrence. 
Crookesite,  (Cu,  Tl,  Ag)2  Se.  Lorandite,  Tl  As  S2  or  T12  S  .  As2  S3. 

Uses. — Thallium  is  occasionally  used  in  the  laboratory  for 
making  monochromatic  green  light,  and  also  rare  chemical  prepa- 
rations. 

THORIUM. 

The  occurrences  and  uses  of  this  rare  earth  metal  are  noted  on 
page  32,  under  Cerium. 

TIN. 
Occurrence. 

Stanhite,  Cu2  Fe  Sn  S4.  Franckeite,  Pb5  Sb2  Sn2  S12. 

Candfieldite,  Ag4  (Sn,  Ge)  S6.  CASSITERITE,  Sn  O2  or  Sn  Sn  O4.  * 

Cylindrite,  Pb6  Sb2  Sn6  S21.  Nordenskioldine,  Ca  Sn  [B  O^. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  minerals  small  quantities  of  tin 
are  often  met  with  in  niobates,  tantalates  and  tungstates. 

Uses. — The  chief  use  of  tin  is  for  coating  or  tinning  metals, 
especially  iron,  thus  making  what  is  commonly  called  sheet  tin  used 
for  roofing  and  tin  ware.  The  silvering  of  mirrors  is  accomplished 
by  covering  glass  with  an  amalgam  of  tin  and  mercury.  Tin  is 
used  in  making  alloys:  solder,  which  contains  tin  and  lead;  and 
bell  metal  and  bronze,  which  contain  copper  and  tin.  Artificial 
tin  oxide  is  used  as  a  polishing  powder;  stannic  chloride  as  a 
mordant  in  dyeing. 


54  TITANIUM — TUNGSTEN. 

Statistics. — There  is  practically  no  production  of  tin  ore  in 
the  United  States,  though  some  has  been  mined  in  the  Black 
Hills,  South  Dakota,  and  deposits  are  known  in  Alaska.  The 
importation  of  metallic  tin  amounted,  in  1905,  to  44,188  tons, 
valued  at  $26,316,023.  The  world's  production  of  tin  amounted 
to  about  100,000  tons,  derived  from  the  following  sources:  Straits 
of  Malacca  (Malay  Peninsula)  65,000;  Banka  and  Billiton,  near 
Sumatra,  14,000;  Bolivia  13,000,  England  5,000,  Australia  5,000. 
The  price  of  tin  in  New  York  is  about  30  c.  per  pound. 

TITANIUM. 

Occurrence. 
ILMENITE,  titanic  iron,  Fe  Ti  O3,  ,    Schorlomite,  Ca3(Fe,Ti)2[(Si,  Ti)OJ3. 

containing    also     Mg  Ti  O3    and       TITANITE,  Ca  Ti  Si  O5. 

Fe2  O8. 

Pseudobrookite,  2  Fe2  O3  .  3  Ti  O2.  Astrophyllite, 

RUTILE,  Ti  O2  or  Ti  Ti  O4.     "  K  (Na,  K)4  (Fe,  Mn)4  Ti  [Si  O4]4. 

Octahedrite,  Ti  O2.  Perovskite,  Ca  Ti  O3. 

Brookite,  Ti  O2. 

Titanium  is  found  in  numerous  niobates  and  tantalates,  espe- 
cially aeschenite,  polymignite,  euxenite  and  polycrase,  and  in 
small  quantities  in  many  silicates. 

Uses.—  Titanium  has  long  been  used  for  imparting  a  yellow 
color  to  porcelain,  employed  mostly  by  dentists  in  coloring  false 
teeth,  of  which  it  is  estimated  that  over  8,000,000  are  made 
annually  in  the  United  States.  Steel  containing  a  little  titanium 
has  been  found  to  have  a  high  limit  of  elasticity  and  great  duc- 
tility, hence  ferro -titanium  alloys  are  now  made  by  means  of  the 
electric  furnace  for  use  in  the  steel  industry. 

Many  iron  ores  are  titaniferous  and  as  yet  have  proved  prac- 
tically valueless,  as  they  are  too  refractory  t©  be  smelted  success- 
fully in  blast-furnaces. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  titanium  is  small,  being 
mostly  obtained  from  Virginia  in  the  form  of  the  mineral  rutile. 
The  value  of  the  output  for  1904  was  $7,000. 

TUNGSTEN. 
Occurrence. 

Tungstite,  W  O3.  Scheelite,  Ca  W  O4.    ' 

WOLFRAMITE,  (Fe,  Mn)  W  O4.  '  Cuprotungstite,  (Cu,  Ca)  W  O4.  " 

Hubnerite,  Mn  W  O4.  Stolzite,  Pb  W  O4. 

Raspite,  Pb  W  O4.  Reinite,  Fe  W  O4. 

Small  quantities  of  tungsten  are  met  with  in  several  of  the 
rare  niobates  and  tantalates. 


URANIUM — VANADIUM.  55 

Uses. — The  element  tungsten  and  an  alloy  with  iron,  ferro- 
tungsten,  are  used  in!  the  production  of  self -hardening  tungsten 
steel,  also  for  giving  toughness  to  a  copper  aluminium  alloy  used 
for  propeller  blades.  Sodium  tungstate  is  used  for  making  certain 
colors  "fast  "  in  dyeing  cotton  goods,  and  is  applied  to  fabrics  to 
make  them  non-inflammable.  A  little  tungstic  oxide  is  used  for 
coloring  glass.  Calcium  tungstate  is  used  in  Rontgen-ray  appara- 
tus on  account  of  its  phosphorescence. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  concentrated  tungsten 
ores  in  1905  was  803  tons,  valued  at  $268,676.  The  ore  was  mostly 
wolframite  from  Colorado. 

URANIUM. 
Occurrence. 

Uranothalite,  Ca2  U  [CO3]4  .  10  H2O.  Uraninite,   pitchblende,  UO8,  UO8, 

Torbernite,  Cu  [UO2]2  [POJ2  .  8  H2O.  Th  O2,  Pb  O,  He,  Ra,  etc.? 

Zeunerite,  Cu  [UO2]2  [AsO4]2  .  8  H2O.  Gummite,  UO3  +  H2O  and  other  ox- 
Autunite,  Ca  [UO2]2  [PO4]2  .  8  H2O.  ides. 

Uranophane,  Ca  U2  Si2  On  .  6  H2O.  Carnotite,  K2  [UO2]2  [VOJ2  .  sH2O? 

Uses. — Uranium  compounds  are  used  for  coloring  glass  and 
as  pigments  for  painting  on  porcelain.  Uranium  minerals  have 
special  interest  at  the  present  time  as  they  contain  radium,  helium, 
thorium  and  other  rare  elements  which  are  receiving  unusual 
attention  from  chemists. 

Statistics, — The  uranium  ore,  carnotite,  has  been  mined  in  Colo- 
rado to  some  extent,  but  there  was  practically  no  production  of 
the  metal  in  1905. 

VANADIUM. 

Occurrence. 

Roscoelite,  Descloizite,  (Pb,  Zn)2  [OH]  VO4.    " 

H8  K,  (Mg,  Fe)  (Al,  V)4  [Si  O3]12?  Volborthite, 

Ardennite,  H5  Mn4  A14  V  Si4  0,3?  (Cu,  Ca,  Ba)3  [OH],  VO4  .  6  H2O? 

Pucherite,  Bi  VO4.  Carnotite,  K,  [UO2]2  [VOJ2  .  3  H2O  ? 
Vanadinite,  Pb4  [Pb'Cl]  [VOJ3.    * 

Uses. — It  is  claimed  that  the  addition  of  a  little  vanadium  to 
steel  increases  enormously  its  tensile  strength  and  elastic  limit. 
Metavanadic  acid,  HVOs,  is  a  fine  yellow  pigment  known  as  vana- 
dium bronze.  Vanadium  oxide  is  used  as  mordant  in  dyeing. 

Statistics. — Vanadium  has  been  obtained  from  the  carnotite 
deposits  of  Colorado.  See  Uranium. 


56  YTTRIUM — ZINC — ZIRCONIUM. 

YTTRIUM. 

Occurrence. — For  the  occurrence  of  this  rare  metal,  see  Cerium 
and  the  Rare  Earth  Metals,  page  32. 

ZINC. 
Occurrence. 

SPHALERITE,  Zn  S,  also  (Zn,  Fe)S.  *   Hydrozincite,  Zn3  [OH]4  CO3.  " 

Wurtzite,  Zn  S.  Hardystonite   Caa  Zn  Si2  O7. 

Zincite,  Zn  O.  Willemite,  Zn2  Si  O4,  Mn  iso.  w.  Zn.- 

Gahnite,  Zn  AL,  O4.  CALAMINE,  H2  [Zn2  O]  Si  O4.    ^ 

Franklinite,  Clinohedrite,  H2  [Ca  Zn  O]  Si  O4. 

(Fe,  Zn,  Mn)  (Fe,  Mn)2  O4.  Adamite,  Zn2  [OH]  As  O4. 

SMITHSONITE,  Zn  CO3.     ^  Hopeite,  Zn3  [PO4]2  .  H2O. 

A  uric  hale  ite,  ^  Qoslarite,  Zn  SO4  .  7  H2O. 

(Zn,Cu)5[OH]6[C03]2. 

Uses. — The  chief  uses  for  metallic  zinc,  commonly  known  as 
spelter,  are  for  galvanizing  iron;  making  brass,  an  alloy  of  cop- 
per and  zinc ;  and  making  parts  of  telegraph  and  storage  batteries. 
There  are  also  numerous  uses  for  sheet  zinc.  Zinc  oxide  or  zinc 
white,  either  alone  or  mixed  with  white  lead,  is  extensively  used 
for  making  paint,  and  is  also  compounded  with  rubber.  Zinc 
chloride  is  used  as  preservative,  many  railroad  ties  being  treated 
with  it.  Zinc  sulphate  has  numerous  uses,  in  dyeing  and  in 
medicine. 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  zinc  or  spelter  in  1905 
was  203,849  tons,  valued  at  about  $24,000,000,  the  ore  being  mostly 
sphalerite  from  Kansas  and  Missouri.  At  the  present  time  there 
is  considerable  activity  in  the  treatment  of  the  zinc-lead-silver 
ores  of  Colorado  and  other  western  states,  in  which  formerly  the 
zinc  was  a  waste  product.  The  production  of  zinc  oxide  in  1905 
was  68,603  tons,  valued  at  $5,520,240,  made  mostly  in  New  Jersey 
and  Pennsylvania.  About  one-fourth  of  the  world's  production 
of  zinc  is  obtained  in  the  United  States.  The  price  of  zinc  in  1905 
was  about  6  c.  per  pound. 

ZIRCONIUM. 
Occurrence. 

Baddeleyite,  Zr  O2.  Catapleiite,  H4  (Na2,  Ca)  Zr  Si3  On. 

Wohlerite,  (Ca,  Na2)  (Si,  Zr)  O3,  with  ZIRCON,  Zr  Si  O4. 

(Ca,  Na2)  Nb2  O6.  Polymignite,  Nb,  Ti,  Zr,  Ce,  Fe,  Ca, 
Eudyalite,  etc.? 

Na13  (Ca,  Fe)6  Cl  (Si,  Zr)^  O52? 

Uses. — Oxide  of  zirconium  glows  when  heated,  but  its  use  for 
incandescent  lights  is  very  limited. 


PART   III. 

USEFUL  MINERALS. 


UNDER  this  heading  a  number  of  minerals  are  given  which 
have  not  been  included  in  foregoing  pages  because  their  uses  are 
not  suggested  by  the  constituents  they  contain.  For  convenience 
an  alphabetical  arrangement  is  adopted. 

ABRASIVES. 

Minerals  possessing  superior  hardness  are  used  for  cutting, 
grinding  and  polishing  other  substances,  and  are  known  com- 
mercially as  abrasives.  They  enter  the  market  in  grains  of 
various  sizes,  down  to  dust;  are  made  up  into  special  shapes  de- 
manded by  the  trade,  generally  wheels;  and  are  cemented  to 
belting,  cloth  and  paper.  The  minerals  used  are  as  follows: 

Diamond,  hardness  10. — Crystals  and  grains  of  diamond, 
when  firmly  embedded  in  steel  tubes  and  wheels,  are  used  for 
drilling  and  sawing,  and  diamond  dust  is  used  on  wheels  and  laps 
for  grinding  and  polishing.  The  value  of  diamond  dust  imported 
into  the  United  States  in  1905  was  nearly  $200,000.  Carbonado  or 
black  diamond,  found  only  in  Brazil,  is  the  most  effective  of  all 
abrasives  and  is  valued  at  from  $50  to  $55  per  carat,  equivalent  to 
$7,000  per  ounce  avoirdupois.  The  glazier's  diamond  is  always  a 
crystal  with  natural  faces. 

Corundum  and  Emery. — Corundum  is  crystallized 
A12O3,  having  a  hardness  of  9.  Emery  is  a  commercial  term  for 
corundum  more  or  less  impure  from  admixture  with  oxides  of  iron. 
The  domestic  production  of  corundum  and  emery  in  1905  was  a 
little  over  2,000  tons,  valued  at  $61,000.  Corundum  is  produced 
mostly  in  western  North  Carolina  and  best  grades  are  worth  from 
7  c.  to  10  c.  per  pound.  Emery,  the  chief  product,  is  mostly 
produced  at  Chester,  Mass.,  and  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  and  brings 
from  2  c.  to  5  c.  per  pound  according  to  quality.  The  importa- 
tion of  emery,  mostly  from  Turkey,  is  about  25,000  tons  annually, 
valued  at  about  $300,000. 

,57 


58  ASBESTOS — CEMENT. 

Artificial  corundum  is  now  being  manufactured  in  electric 
furnaces  from  bauxite,  the  production  for  1905  having  a  value 
of  $250,000.  Another  artificial  abrasive  is  carborundum,  C  Si, 
having  a  hardness  about  like  that  of  corundum.  Carborundum 
is  made  in  electric  furnaces  from  coke  and  sand,  and  the  pro- 
duction in  1905  was  5,600,000  pounds,  valued  at  about  8  c.  per 
pound. 

Garnet,  hardness  7  to  7.5. — The  domestic  production  in  1905 
amounted  to  5,000  tons,  valued  at  nearly  $150,000.  The  mate- 
rial came  mostly  from  near  Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  some  from  Con- 
necticut, Pennsylvania  and  North  Carolina. 

Quartz,  hardness  7. — The  various  uses  of  this  mineral  are 
noted  on  pages  47  and  48. 

Pumice. — This  is  a  name  given  to  volcanic  ash,  used  in  lump 
and  powder  for  polishing.  The  commercial  product  comes  mostly 
from  the  island  of  Lipari,  north  of  Sicily,  and  the  value  of  the 
product  imported  into  the  United  States  in  1905  was  $77,489. 

ASBESTOS. 

Asbestos  is  a  name  given  to  several  fibrous  minerals,  gener- 
ally tremolite,  a  variety  of  hornblende;  anthophyllite,  a  closely 
related  mineral;  and  chrysotile,  a  variety  of  serpentine.  The 
material  is  used  largely  as  a  non-conductor  of  heat  for  covering 
boilers  and  steam  pipes,  and  packing  safes.  Fine-fibrous  varieties, 
generally  chrysotile,  are  woven  into  cloth,  twine  and  rope,  and 
made  up  into  paper,  felt,  board,  washers  and  various  shapes.  The 
domestic  production  of  asbestos  in  1905,  mostly  tremolite  from 
Georgia,  was  about  3,000  tons,  valued  at  $43,000.  The  bulk  of 
best  quality  chrysotile-asbestos  comes  from  Canada,  though  some 
is  produced  in  the  United  States.  There  is  a  large  domestic  pro- 
duction of  artificial  material  known  as  "mineral  wool,"  made 
from  furnace  slag. 

CEMENT. 

Cements  are  products  obtained  by  burning  limestones  con- 
taining proper  amounts  of  argillaceous  (clay)  material,  or  finely 
ground  mixtures  of  limestone  and  clay.  The  industry  is  one  of 
great  magnitude,  the  domestic  production  in  1905  being  40,000,- 
ooo  barrels  of  from  300  to  400  pounds,  valued  at  over  $36,000,000. 
The  importations  amounted  to  over  800,000  barrels. 


CLAY — FELDSPAR — FLINT  59 

CLAY. 

Clays  are  essentially  hydrated  silicates  of  aluminium,  result- 
ing from  the  decomposition  of , other  minerals,  especially  feldspars. 
The  decomposition  of  feldspar  alone,  in  situ,  gives  rise  to  a  pure 
white  mineral,  kaolinite,  H2  A12  Si2  Og.  Ordinary  clays  are  vari- 
ously colored,  and  consist  of  kaolinite  compounded  with  other 
materials  resulting  from  the  decomposition  of  rocks,  and  they  are 
commonly  found  in  secondary  deposits  where  they  have  been  laid 
down  as  sediments  from  water.  Most  clays  have  the  property  of 
becoming  plastic  when  mixed  in  proper  proportions  with  water,  so 
that  they  may  be  moulded,  pressed  and  wrought  into  shapes,  hence 
their  use  in  the  manufacture  of  brick,  terra-cotta,  tile,  earthen- 
ware and  pottery.  The  importance  of  the  domestic  clay  indus- 
tries is  evident  from  the  values  of  the  several  products  produced 
in  1905,  as  follows:  Brick  $61,000,000;  front  brick  $7,000,000; 
fire  brick  $13,000,000;  paving  and  vitrified  brick  $6,700,000; 
sewer  and  drain  tile  $16,000,000;  terra-cotta  and  ornamental 
brick  $6,000,000;  pottery  $28,000,000 — a  total  of  nearly  $150,- 
000,000.  The  value  of  the  domestic  production  of  kaolinite  for 
the  pottery  industry  amounted  to  over  $300,000,  while  the  value 
of  the  imports  of  kaolinite  was  over  $1,000,000.  Feldspar,  quartz 
and  fine  qualities  of  clay  also  entered  into  the  composition  of 
pottery. 

FELDSPAR. 

Feldspar  is  mined  almost  exclusively  for  use  in  the  porcelain 
and  chinaware  industry.  It  is  compounded  with  kaolin  and  other 
materials  for  making  the  body  of  the  ware,  and  when  applied  to 
the  outside  and  fused  it  produces  the  glaze.  Potash  feldspar, 
orthoclase  or  microcline,  K  Al  Si3  O8,  is  the  kind  generally  used, 
though  albite,  Na  Al  813  O§,  is  probably  equally  good.  To  be  of 
satisfactory  quality  feldspar  must  be  practically  free  from  quartz, 
mica  and  oxides  of  iron,  and  when  ground  is  worth  from  $8  to  $9 
per  ton.  The  domestic  production  of  feldspar  in  1905  was  about 
35,000  tons,  valued  at  $220,000,  the  supply  coming  from  Pennsyl- 
vania, Maryland,  Connecticut  and  New  York. 

Feldspar  is  of  importance  agriculturally,  for  undoubtedly 
much  of  the  available  potash  in  soils  has  resulted  from  the  slow 
decomposition  of  orthoclase. 

FLINT. 

Flint  is  a  recognized  variety  of  silica,  related  to  chalcedony, 
usually  of  dull  gray,  brown  or  black  color.  In  commerce  the 


60  FULLER'S  EARTH — GARNET — GEM  MINERALS. 

ordinary  varieties  of  quartz  are  commonly  called  flint.     See  Silica, 
pages  47  and  48. 

FULLER'S  EARTH. 

Fuller's  earth  is  a  fine  clay -like  material,  which  lacks  the. 
plasticity  of  ordinary  clay,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  absorbent 
qualities.  It  was  formerly  used  by  fullers  as  an  absorbent  for 
grease  in  cleansing  cloth,  but  its  chief  use  at  the  present  time  is  as 
a  substitute  for  boneblack  in  bleaching  and  clarifying  cottonseed 
and  mineral  oils.  The  domestic  production  in  1905,  chiefly  from 
Florida,  was  25,000  tons,  valued  at  $214,000.  The  importation 
was  valued  at  $106,000. 

GARNET. 

Garnet  is  used  to  a  considerable  extent  as  an  abrasive  (page 
58),  and  commonly  as  a  gem  mineral  (see  page  62). 

GEM  MINERALS  OR    PRECIOUS  STONES. 
NOTE. — For  ornamental  stones,  other  than  gems,  see  page  65. 

Gem  minerals  must  satisfy  the  following  conditions:  (i)  They 
must  be  hard,  so  as  to  withstand  without  scratching  or  deface- 
ment the  wear  to  which  they  are  subjected.  (2)  They  must  have 
a  pleasing  color,  or  be  white  or  colorless.  (3)  If  transparent, 
they  should  have  a  high  index  of  refraction,  on  which  largely 
depend  their  flash,  brilliancy  and  beauty.  Gems  are  generally 
sold  by  the  carat,  less  often  by  the  pennyweight.  The  inter- 
national carat  is  equal  to  205  milligrams,  or  about  i-i38th  of  an 
ounce  avoirdupois,  and  to  give  an  idea  of  this  weight  a  one-carat 
diamond,  cut  round  in  the  customary  form  of  a  brilliant,  is  a  stone 
of  fair  size,  measuring  6.25  mm.  in  diameter  and  4  mm.  in  depth. 
The  values  of  gems  are  subject  to  great  variation;  thus  a  gem 
of  exceptional  perfection  in  color  and  lustre  will  command  a  price 
far  above  that  of  a  stone  of  the  same  kind  but  of  only  fair  quality ; 
moreover,  rarity  and  size  are  important  factors.  Bearing  varia- 
tion in  mind,  however,  an  attempt  will  be  made  in  the  following 
pages  to  convey  some  idea  of  the  relative  values  of  different  gems 
by  giving  usually  for  each  the  approximate  prices  of  three  grades 
of  stones,  of  poor,  medium  and  fine  quality  and  of  one-carat 
weight. 

The  minerals  generally  used  as  gems  are  as  follows : 

Agate. — A  translucent,  banded,  variously  colored  variety  of 
quartz  or  chalcedony.  Inexpensive. 


GEM   MINERALS.  6 1 

Amethyst. — A  transparent  purple  or  bluish-violet  variety  of 
quartz.  Comparatively  inexpensive,  except  when  large  and  of 
unusually  fine  quality  or  color. 

Aquamarine. — A  name  applied  to  transparent  pale-green 
or  bluish -green  varieties  of  beryl.  Green  gems  of  one-carat  size 
are  valued  at  from  $i  to  $5 ;  those  of  rare  blue  color  as  high  as  $15. 

Beryl,  Be3  A12  [Si  O3]6  +  a  little  H2O. — Aquamarine  and 
emerald  are  names  by  which  light  and  dark  green  gem  varieties  of 
this  mineral  are  known.  Some  very  beautiful  gems  are  cut  from 
beryl  of  yellow  color,  sometimes  called  golden  beryl.  A  one- 
carat  golden  beryl  would  be  valued  at  $i — $5 — $10. 

Chrysoberyl,  Be  A12  O*. — Handsome  gems  are  cut  from 
transparent  yellowish  or  yellowish-green  crystals  of  this  mineral, 
and  a  one-carat  stone  is  valued  at  from  $3  to  $5.  A  far  rarer  and 
more  highly  prized  variety,  which  is  green  by  day  and  garnet-red 
by  lamplight,  is  known  as  Alexandrite,  and  commands  a  value  of 
from  $50  to  $60  for  a  one-carat  stone.  Some  translucent  stones 
when  cut  with  rounded  surfaces,  en  cabochon,  exhibit  a  beautiful 
opalescent  radiation  or  chatoyant  effect,  when  they  are  called  cat's 
eye.  Other  minerals,  quartz,  corundum,  feldspar  and  tourmaline, 
likewise  give  chatoyant  effects,  but  chrysoberyl  is  generally  con- 
sidered as  the  true  or  oriental  cat's  eye.  A  cat's  eye  of  one-carat 
weight  may  be  valued  at  $5 — $10 — $50  according  to  quality. 

Chrysolite,  (Mg  Fe)2  Si  O4. — Transparent  green  or  yellow- 
ish-green varieties  of  this  mineral  yield  handsome  gems,  which 
are  generally  known  and  sold  as  peridot.  A  one-carat  stone  is 
valued  at  $i — $3 — $5. 

Chrysoprase. — This  is  a  name  given  to  a  translucent  apple- 
green  variety  of  quartz  or  chalcedony.  One-carat  stones  have  the 
following  values  according  to  quality,  $0.50 — $2 — $5. 

Diamond,  C. — A  mineral  remarkable  for  its  brilliancy  and 
hardness;  index  of  refraction,  ^=2.42,  hardness  =  10.  Colorless 
or  transparent  white  stones  are  most  in  demand,  but  variously 
colored  ones  are  used,  straw-yellow  being  most  common.  An 
ordinary  white  brilliant  of  one-carat  weight  and  of  good  quality  is 
valued  at  from  $150  to  $175,  while  extra  blue-white  and  fancy 
colored  stones  of  like  weight  may  be  valued  as  high  as  $400  to 
$500.  One-carat  diamonds  of  the  ordinary  straw-yellow  color  are 
worth  about  $50. 


62  GEM   MINERALS. 

Emerald. — This  is  a  name  given  to  deep -green  varieties  of 
beryl,  the  color  being  due  supposedly  to  traces  of  chromium. 
Because  of  the  rarity  and  great  beauty  of  this  stone,  a  fine  gem  of 
one-carat  weight  may  be  valued  as  high  as  $1,000,  the  prices  of 
the  stones  ranging  from  $20 — $100 — $200  to  $1,000. 

Garnet. — Various  kinds  of  garnet  (page  5)  are  used  as  gems, 
and  the  stones  exhibit  a  great  variety  of  colors.  Pyrope  and 
almandite  are  the  kinds  most  often  used  and  the  colors  are  gen- 
erally deep  tones  of  red.  Stones  are  valued  at  $i — $2 — $5  per 
carat.  A  variety  intermediate  between  pyrope  and  almandite, 
known  as  rhodolite,  has  a  delicate  rose  to  purplish-red  color,  and 
a  one-carat  stone  may  be  valued  as  high  as  $15.  Another  very 
beautiful  and  still  more  costly  garnet  is  a  variety  of  andradite, 
known  as  demantoid,  having  a  grass-green  to  emerald-green  color, 
one-carat  stones  having  the  values  according  to  quality  of  $3 — 
$10 — $40. 

Jasper. — This  is  a  name  applied  to  quartz  which  is  colored 
red  by  oxide  of  iron.  The  stone  is  an  inexpensive  one,  used  to  a 
limited  extent  in  jewelry.  Its  value  is  about  $i  per  dwt. 

Kunzite. — A  rare  and  beautiful  pink  to  violet-colored  variety 
of  spodumene,  which  has  been  found  at  Pala,  California.  A  one- 
carat  stone  would  have  the  following  values:  $3 — $5 — $8. 

Lazurite  or  Lapis-Lazuli,  Na4  [Al .  Na  S3]  A12  [SiO4]3. — 
A  translucent  stone  of  deep  ultramarine-blue  color,  only  occa- 
sionally used  in  jewelry,  one-carat  stones  being  valued  at  $i — 
$5 — $10. 

Moonstone. — Some  feldspars,  when  cut  with  rounded  sur- 
faces, show  chatoyancy  and  delicate  variations  of  color  and  are 
known  as  moonstones.  The  kind  used  in  jewelry  is  generally 
potash  feldspar,  orthoclase,  although  other  feldspars  show  a  play 
of  colors,  notably  labradorite  and  a  variety  of  albite-oligoclase 
called  peristerite.  Moonstones  of  one-carat  size  are  valued  at 
$0.50 — $i — $3. 

Opal. — This  is  an  amorphous  form  of  silica,  differing  from 
quartz  in  having  a  much  lower  specific  gravity  and  containing 
considerable  hydroxyl,  equivalent  generally  to  from  3  per  cent,  to 
9  per  cent,  of  water.  Opals  are  translucent  to  transparent,  and 
many  varieties  are  remarkable  for  their  magnificent  play  of  colors, 
which  on  some  stones  are  soft  and  subdued,  on  others  fiery  and 


GEM   MINERALS.  63 

brilliant.  Opals  are  generally  cut  en  cabochon,  and  stones  of  one- 
carat  size  have  values  of  $i — $3 — $20.  Stones  of  large  size  and 
exceptionally  fine  quality  are  very  highly  prized. 

Peridot. — See  Chrysolite. 

Pyroxene. — A  transparent  variety  of  pyroxene,  known  as 
diopside,  is  occasionally  cut  as  a  gem.  The  color  is  generally  some 
light  shade  of  green,  and  is  very  pleasing,  but  the  stone  is  almost 
too  soft  to  be  serviceable.  A  stone  of  one-carat  size  is  valued  at 
from  $2  to  $3. 

Quartz. — Various  transparent  varieties  of  this  mineral  are 
cut  rather  as  ornaments  than  as  gems.  The  kinds  generally  used 
are  colorless  rock  crystal,  amethyst,  smoky  quartz  or  cairngorm 
stone,  and  yellow  quartz,  which  is  sometimes  called  false  topaz. 

Ruby. — This  is  a  name  given  to  red  varieties  of  corundum. 
A  ruby  of  fine  quality  and  color  is  one  of  the  rarest  and  most 
beautiful  of  gems,  and  a  stone  of  one-carat  weight  may  be  valued 
as  high  as  $1,500. 

Sapphire. — This  is  a  name  by  which  the  transparent,  blue 
variety  of  corundum  is  generally  known,  although  the  name  is 
also  applied  to  gem  corundums  of  various  colors.  A  one-carat 
sapphire  of  fine  blue  color  has  a  value  according  to  quality  of 
$6 — $10 — $125,  while  fancy  colored  stones  other  than  blue  range 
from  $6  to  $30. 

Spinel,  Mg  A12  04.— This  mineral  exhibits  a  variety  of  colors, 
deep  red,  rose-red,  orange  and  violet.  The  red  varieties  are 
known  as  spinel-ruby,  but  are  inferior  to  the  true  corundum  ruby. 
One-carat  gems  range  in  value  as  follows:  $3 — $10 — $100. 

Spodumene,  Li  Al  [Si  O3]2. — Gems  of  yellowish  or  pale 
yellowish-green  color  are  most  common  and  are  inexpensive. 
An  emerald-green  variety  known  as  hiddenite,  found  in  North 
Carolina,  is  very  choice,  and  a  one-carat  stone  would  be  worth 
about  $150.  See  also  Kunzite,  p.  62. 

Topaz,  [Al  (F,  OH)] 2  Si  O4. — This  mineral  may  be  colorless, 
straw-yellow,  wine-yellow,  bluish  or  greenish.  The  kind  gener- 
ally used  for  gems  is  yellow.  The  color  of  some  yellow  crystals 
is  changed  to  a  delicate  rose  by  heating.  Gems  of  one-carat  size 
are  valued  at  $2 — $5 — $10. 

Tourmaline,  a  complex  boro-silicate  of  aluminium  and 
other  bases. — This  mineral  exhibits  a  greater  variety  of  colors 
than  almost  any  other.  As  gems,  green  is  the  prevailing  color, 


64  GRANITE — MICA 

though  delicate  rose,  wine-red  (rubellite),  blue  and  brown  varie- 
ties are  cut.  Gems  of  one-carat  size  are  valued  about  as  follows: 
Green  or  rose,  $2 — $5 — $10;  rubellite,  $2 — $5 — $15. 

Turquois,  a  basic  phosphate  of  aluminium,  colored  by  a 
little  copper. — This  is  a  non-transparent  stone,  of  robin 's-egg  blue 
or  bluish-green  color,  generally  cut  en  cabochon.  A  one-carat 
stone  is  valued  at  $i — $3 — $10. 

Zircon,  Zr  Si  O4. — Transparent  zircon  exhibits  a  great  va- 
riety of  colors,  from  almost  colorless  to  yellow,  orange,  red  and 
brownish  red.  One-carat  stones  are  valued  at  $2 — $5 — $10. 

Statistics. — The  production  of  precious  stones  in  the  United 
States  is  comparatively  small,  their  total  value  in  1905  amounting 
to  $326,350,  while  the  importation  into  the  United  States  is  given 
as  $35,000,000.  For  1905  the  valuations  of  the  several  domestic 
products  which  are  worthy  of  special  note  are  as  follows :  Turquois, 
mostly  from  New  Mexico,  Nevada  and  Arizona,  $65,000;  sap- 
phires, mostly  from  Montana,  $125,000;  tourmaline,  from  Maine 
and  California,  $50,000;  beryl,  aquamarine  and  emerald,  from 
North  Carolina,  $6,000. 

GRANITE. 

Granite  is  a  crystalline  rock  consisting  chiefly  of  feldspar  and 
quartz,  with  biotite,  hornblende  and  other  minerals  as  accessories. 
It  is  extensively  used  for  building  and  monumental  work,  for 
paving  blocks,  and  as  crushed  stone  for  railroad  ballast  and  road 
making.  The  value  of  the  domestic  production  in  1905  for  all 
purposes  was  estimated  at  $20,000,000. 

GRAPHITE. 

For  uses  and  statistics,  see  page  31. 

GYPSUM. 

For  uses  and  statistics,  see  Plaster  of  Paris  and  Land  Plaster, 
page  30. 

LIMESTONE  AND  MARBLE. 

For  uses  and  statistics  of  limestone,  see  page  30;  of  marble, 
see  pages  65  and  66. 

MICA. 

The  micas  are  silicates  possessing  a  remarkable  basal  cleavage 
which  makes  it  possible  to  split  them  into  exceedingly  thin  sheets. 
The  plates  of  true  micas  are  tough  and  elastic.  There  are  several 


ORNAMENTAL   STONES.  65 

kinds  of  mica,  but  only  the  light-colored  ones,  muscovite  and 
phlogopite,  have  commercial  value. 

Uses. — When  obtained  in  sheets  of  sufficient  size,  mica  is  used 
in  stove  and  furnace  doors,  and  in  making  chimneys  for  lamps  and 
incandescent  gaslights.  Small  sheets  are  used  for  purposes  of 
insulation  in  electrical  apparatus.  Broken  and  scrap  mica  is  used 
as  a  non-conducting  covering  for  boilers  and  steam  pipes,  and, 
when  finely  ground,  is  used  for  giving  lustre  to  wall  paper,  and 
as  a  lubricant.  One  kind  of  mica,  lepidolite,  is  used  for  obtaining 
lithia  (see  page  39). 

Statistics. — The  domestic  production  of  sheet  mica  (muscovite) 
in  1905  was  851,000  pounds,  valued  at  nearly  $185,900.  The 
supply  came  mostly  from  North  Carolina,  some  from  New  Hamp- 
shire and  South  Dakota.  The  production  of  scrap  mica  was 
856  tons,  valued  at  $15,000.  The  importation  of  sheet  mica  in 
1905  amounted  to  1,600,000  pounds,  valued  at  $403,000.  The 
imported  mica  comes  mostly  from  India,  some  from  Canada,  that 
from  the  latter  country  being  chiefly  phlogopite. 

ORNAMENTAL  OR  DECORATIVE  STONES. 

There  is  an  ever-growing  demand  for  rocks  or  minerals  of 
almost  any  kind  which,  when  polished  or  worked  into  various 
shapes,  may  be  used  for  ornamental  purposes.  The  chief  uses  to 
which  they  are  put  are  for  making  wainscotings  for  halls  and  offices, 
mantels,  table  tops,  columns,  vases  and  ornaments  of  endless 
variety.  The  materials  generally  used  are  as  follows: 

Marble,  generally  calcite,  Ca  COs,  white,  mottled  and  vari- 
ously colored. 

Mexican  Onyx. — This  beautiful  stone  is  a  kind  of  translu- 
cent marble  (calcite),  formed  by  deposition  from  water.  It 
generally  is  veined,  clouded  or  mottled  and  shows  delicate  shades 
of  color,  varying  from  yellow,  pink  and  green  to  pure  white. 

Verd-antique  Marble,  generally  a  mixture  of  white  marble 
and  green  serpentine,  often  very  decorative. 

Granite,  of  great  variety  of  color  and  size  of  grain. 

Porphyry. — This  is  a  name  applied  to  rocks  which  contain 
regularly  formed  and  comparatively  large  crystals  embedded  in 
a  ground-mass  of  finer-grained  rock  material.  Porphyries  are  of 
various  kinds  and  colors,  and,  when  polished,  the  contrast  between 


66  SANDSTONE — SLATE. 

the  crystals  and  ground-mass  may  give  pleasing  and  decorative 
effects. 

Breccia. — This  is  a  name  given  to  material  made  up  of 
irregular  fragments  of  rocks  and  minerals,  firmly  cemented  into  a 
solid  mass.  When  polished,  the  fragments  of  various  kinds  may 
give  contrasts  in  color  and  structure  which  are  effective  and 
decorative. 

Jade. — This  is  a  compact,  tough  stone,  generally  of  green 
or  greenish -white  color,  especially  prized  by  the  Orientals.  The 
material  may  be  either  nephrite,  a  variety  of  hornblende,  or  a 
rarer  and  more  highly  prized  mineral,  jadeite.  Some  oriental 
jade  ornaments  are  of  wonderful  workmanship  and  almost  inesti- 
mable value. 

Serpentine,  a  compact  mineral,  generally   of   green   color. 

Quartz. — Transparent,  colorless  quartz  (rock  crystal),  and 
various  colored  varieties  of  quartz,  agate,  jasper  and  chalcedony 
are  often  used. 

Malachite,  a  basic  carbonate  of  copper  of  bright-green  color. 
Lapis- Lazuli,  a  silicate  of  ultramarine-blue  color. 
Hhodonite,  a  silicate  of  manganese  of  rose-pink  color. 

Alabaster,  a  compact,  even-grained  variety  of  gypsum, 
often  worked  into  ornaments  resembling  marble. 

Satin  Spar,  a  variety  of  fibrous  gypsum,  showing  chatoy- 
ancy  when  polished. 

Statistics. — The  total  value  of  the  mineral  products  used  for 
decorative  purposes  must  be  very  great,  but  no  statistics  are  avail- 
able except  for  marble.  The  domestic  production  of  marble  in 
1905  was  valued  at  $7,000,000,  and  it  is  estimated  that  about  one- 
fourth  of  the  product  was  used  for  interior  and  decorative  work. 

SANDSTONE. 
For  uses  and  statistics,  see  pages  47  and  48. 

SLATE. 

Slate  is  an  argillaceous  rock  which  may  be  split  readily  into 
slabs  of  nearly  uniform  thickness.  Slate  is  used  mostly  for  roof- 
ing, also  for  making  billiard  tables,  mantels,  floor  tiles,  stair 


TALC   AND    SOAPSTONE.  67 

treads  and  flagging.  Ground  slate  is  used  as  a  pigment.  The 
domestic  production  of  roofing  slate  in  1905  was  valued  at  over 
$4,500,000,  of  manufactured  products  at  about  $900,000. 

TALC  AND  SOAPSTONE. 

Talc,  H2  Mg3  [Si  Oa]^  is  a  soft,  white  or  greenish -white  min- 
eral possessing  a  greasy  feel.  There  is  also  an  aluminium  silicate, 
pyrophyllite,  H2  A12  [Si  O3]4,  which  is  practically  identical  with 
talc  in  its  physical  properties,  and  is  equally  useful,  although 
being  rare  it  is  not  so  well  known  as  a  commercial  article. 

Uses. — The  uses  of  talc  are  quite  varied.  As  powder  or  flour, 
talc  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  as  a  filler,  and,  when 
fibrous,  it  is  claimed  that  it  gives  strength ;  it  is  used  also  as  a  base 
for  fire -proof  paints,  as  non-conducting  covering  for  boilers  and 
steam  pipes,  for  making  toilet  powders,  for  dressing  leather,  and 
as  a  lubricant.  Soapstone  is  manufactured  into  shapes  suitable 
for  hearth  stones,  furnace  linings,  table  tops,  slate  pencils,  gas- 
burner  tips  and  a  variety  of  articles. 

Statistics. — In  1905  the  production  of  ground,  fibrous  talc, 
suitable  for  paper  making  was  19,000  tons,  valued  at  $142,000, 
the  supply  coming  almost  wholly  from  northern  New  York. 
Better  grades  of  talc  and  soapstone,  suitable  for  manufactured 
articles  and  flour  talc,  were  obtained  mostly  in  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,  the  product  being  valued  at  about  $400,000. 


PART   IV. 

LISTS   OF  MINERALS   ACCORDING  TO   GEOLOGICAL 
OCCURRENCE   AND  ASSOCIATION. 


NOTE. — Although  minerals  occur  associated  with  one  another 
in  almost  endless  variety,  there  are  certain  associations  which  are 
very  often  observed,  and  it  is  to  call  attention  to  these  that  the 
few  remaining  tables  have  been  prepared. 

ROCKS   AND   ROCK-MAKING  MINERALS. 

By  far  the  greater  amount  of  our  minerals  occur  as  com- 
ponent parts  of  rocks.  A  rock  may  be  formed  essentially  of  but 
one  mineral  species,  as  in  the  case  of  limestone  (calcite)  or 
quartzite  (quartz),  but  more  frequently  is  composed  of  a  mix- 
ture of  several  minerals.  A  brief  discussion  of  the  various  kinds 
of  rocks  and  their  origin  will  be  given,  followed  by  a  list  of  the 
more  important  rock-making  minerals,  with  a  few  words  in  each 
case  descriptive  of  their  occurrence  and  association. 
Rocks  are  divided  into  three  main  divisions: 

I.  Igneous. 
II.  Sedimentary. 
III.  Metamorphic. 

I.  Igneous  Hocks  are  those  which  have  resulted  from  the 
cooling  and  consequent  solidification  of  a  hot  and  liquid  mass  of 
rock  material.  During  the  cooling  process  various  minerals  crys- 
tallize out  from  this  liquid  mass  (called  a  magma)  in  a  more  or 
less  definite  order,  the  more  insoluble  compounds  being  the  first 
to  form.  The  resulting  mineral  composition  of  the  rock  will 
depend  directly  upon  the  chemical  composition  of  the  original 
magma,  and  the  structure  of  the  rock  upon  the  conditions  under 
which  it  cooled.  A  magma  high  in  its  percentage  of  SiO2  and 

69 


70  ROCKS   AND    ROCK- MAKING    MINERALS. 

low  in  percentages  of  MgO  and  FeO  will  yield  a  rock  composed  of 
light-colored  silicates,  and  will  be  spoken  of  as  an  acid  rock:  On 
the  other  hand  a  magma  low  in  percentage  of  SiC>2  and  rich  in  MgO 
and  FeO  will  result  in  a  rock  composed  of  dark-colored  minerals 
and  will  be  called  basic.  A  rock  which  has  been  formed  by  the 
cooling  of  a  magma  deep  .down  in  the  crust  of  the  earth  has  formed 
very  slowly,  while  under  great  pressure,  and  wrill  be  coarse-grained 
in  structure,  the  different  minerals  being  easily  distinguished 
from  each  other  and  recognized  by  the  eye.  Such  rocks  are 
called  Plutonic.  But  if  a  liquid  rock  mass  is  intruded  into  the 
upper  portion  of  the  earth's  crust  or  extruded  upon  its  surface  it 
cools  quickly  and  under  little  pressure  and  consequently  the  crys- 
tallizing minerals  have  not  time  to  grow  into  large  particles  and 
the  resulting  rock  is  fine-grained  in  structure.  Such  rocks  are 
called  Volcanic.  The  mineral  constituents  of  such  a  rock  can 
only  be  definitely  determined  by  examining  a  thin  section  of  the 
rock  under  the  microscope. 


PLUTONIC,  COARSE-GRAINED  IGNEOUS  ROCK  TYPES. 

1.  Granite.  —  A   coarse-grained,    light-colored   rock   consisting 
chiefly  of  orthoclase,  quartz,  biotite,  and  muscovite.       As  acces- 
sory  minerals   and   usually   in   quite    small   amounts    are    found 
magnetite,  apatite,  and  zircon. 

2.  Syenite.  —  A    coarse-grained   light-colored    rock   resembling 
a  granite  in  appearance  but  containing  no  quartz.     Its  chief  min- 
erals are  orthoclase,  a  plagioclase  feldspar,  with  hornblende  and 
sometimes  biotite.     Magnetite,  apatite,'  and  zircon  are  the  chief 
accessory  minerals. 

3.  Diorite. —  A   coarse-grained    rock,   usually    dark    green   in 
color.     The  chief  minerals  in  it  are  a  plagioclase  feldspar  with 
either  hornblende  or  biotite. 

4.  Gabbro. — A  coarse-grained  rock  in  which  the  dark-colored 
silicates  predominate.     It  is  similar  to  a  diorite  in  composition, 
having  augite  (an  iron  pyroxene)  present  instead  of  hornblende. 

5.  Peridotite. — A  coarse-grained    rock  which  is  very  basic   in 
its  chemical  composition  and  contains  usually  only  pyroxene  and 
olivine  (chrysolite)  as  its  chief  constituent  minerals. 


SEDIMENTARY   ROCKS.  fl 

VOLCANIC,  FINE-GRAINED  IGNEOUS  ROCK  TYPES. 

Volcanic  rocks  are  found  in  dikes  or  sheets  near  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  or  in  flows  upon  its  surface.  They  are  usually  too 
fine-grained  to  allow  of  the  identification  of  their  component 
minerals  by  the  eye  alone.  A  number  of  different  types  of  vol- 
canic rocks  are  recognized,  based  chiefly  upon  their  microscopic 
study,  but  for  the  present  purpose  only  two  general  types  need 
to  be  described. 

1.  Felsite. — A  fine-grained,  light-colored  rock.     The  feldspars, 
orthoclase  or  plagioclase,  are  the  predominant  minerals  with  vary- 
ing amounts  of  quartz,  amphibole,  pyroxene,  and  biotite.     Rhyo- 
lite  and  andesite  are  two  members  of  the  Felsite   group,  depend- 
ing on  the  presence  or  absence  of  quartz  and  the  kind  of  feldspar. 

2.  Basalt. — A    fine-grained    dark-colored    rock.      The    ferro- 
magnesian  minerals,  such  as  pyroxene  and  olivine,  are  the  most 
common  constituents,  with  also  smaller  amounts  of  plagioclase 
feldspars.     Magnetite  is  often  a  prominent  mineral. 

Porphyries. — Igneous  rocks  often  show  considerable  variation 
in  the  size  of  their  mineral  particles.  When  this  is  pronounced 
and  certain  minerals  appear  in  distinct  crystals  embedded  in  a 
mass  of  fine-grained  material,  the  rock  is  said  to  have  a  porphy- 
ritic  texture,  and  the  rock  is  termed  a  porphyry.  All  of  the 
above-mentioned  rocks  may  assume  such  a  structure  and  we 
have  such  rock  types  as  Granite-porphyry,  Dio rite-porphyry, 
Felsite-porphyry,  etc. 

II.  Sedimentary  Hocks  are  those  which  have  been  formed 
by  deposition  in  water  and  the  subsequent  solidification  of  their 
particles  into  a  more  or  less  firm  rock  mass.  Sedimentary  rocks 
may  be  divided  into  two  types  according  to  their  origin. 
A.  Mechanical,  in  which  the  mineral  grains  that  go  to  make  up 
the  body  of  the  rock  have  been  derived  from  some  other  rock 
mass  and  have  been  brought  into  the  sea  in  the  form  of  sand  or 
mud,  deposited  at  its  bottom  in  successive  layers  and  then  later 
consolidated  into  rock.  B.  Chemical,  in  which  the  minerals  cf 
the  rock  have  been  precipitated  from  solution  by  some  chemical 
process. 

Sedimentary  rocks  are  to  be  distinguished  by  the  fact  that 
their  mineral  grains  are  deposited  in  successive  parallel  layers, 
or  in  other  words  the  rocks  show  stratification.  Sedimentary 


72  ROCKS   AND   ROCK-MAKING    MINERALS. 

rocks  are  composed  of  mineral  grains  which  are  usually  rounded 
and  are  bound  together  by  some  cementing  material,  while  igneous 
rocks  are  composed  of  interlocking  crystals.  Brief  descriptions 
of  the  more  important  sedimentary  rocks  follow: 

Sandstone  is  a  sedimentary  rock  made  up  almost  entirely  of 
quartz  grains  cemented  together  by  either  (A)  ferric  oxide,  in 
which  case  the  rock  is  red  or  brown,  or  (B)  by  calcium  carbonate, 
in  which  case  the  rock  is  light-colored.  Sandstones  may  be  fine- 
or  coarse-grained  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  quartz  particles; 
very  coarse-grained  sandstones  or  compacted  gravels  are  called 
Conglomerates. 

Shale  is  a  fine-grained  sedimentary  rock  which  has  been  formed 
by  the  consolidation  of  mud,  clays,  or  silts. 

Limestone  is  a  sedimentary  rock  whose  chief  mineral  is  usu- 
ally calcite,  although  it  may  be  dolomite.  Limestones  may  be 
mechanical  in  their  origin  and  be  composed  of  small  fragments 
of  shells,  etc.,  cemented  together,  or  it  may  be  chemical  in  its 
origin,  its  constituent  minerals  having  been  formed  by  precipita- 
tion from  waters  carrying  them  in  solution.  Limestones  are  usu- 
ally fine-grained;  if  coarse,  the  fragments  of  shells,  etc.,  com- 
prising them  can  be  recognized.  They  are  soft  rocks  and  are 
usually  of  some  light  color,  but  may  be  blue,  or  at  times  almost 
black.  Chalk  is  a  soft  very  fine-grained  limestone. 

III.  Metamorphic  Hocks  are  rocks  which  have  undergone 
considerable  changes  in  mineralogical  composition  and  in  structure 
through  the  action  of  heat  and  pressure  aided  by  the  action  of 
water  and  other  chemical  agents.  Metamorphic  rocks  may  have 
been  originally  either  igneous  or  sedimentary,  and  it  is  often  im- 
possible to  definitely  tell  which. 

Schist  is  a  common  type  of  metamorphic  rock,  which  is  char- 
acterized by  a  foliated  structure  due  to  the  parallel  arrangement 
of  its  mineral  constituents.  A  schist  breaks  readily  with  a  wavy 
surface  along  the  planes  of  foliation.  The  different  types  of  schist 
are  named  from  the  most  prominent  mineral  in  them;  as, 

Mica  Schist,  which  is  composed  chiefly  of  mica  plates  (usually 
muscovite)  with  smaller  amounts  of  quartz,  feldspar,  garnet,  etc.; 

Hornblende  Schist,  with  hornblende  as  the  most  prominent 
mineral,  and  smaller  amounts  of  biotite,  pyroxene,  plagioclase 
feldspar,  garnet,  magnetite,  etc. 


PRINCIPAL  ROCK-MAKING   MINERALS.  73 

Slates  are  fine-grained  metamorphic  rocks  which  possess  the 
property  of  cleaving  into  thin  layers  with  smooth  surfaces.  They 
are  usually  the  metamorphic  representatives  of  the  shales. 

Quartzites  are  metamorphosed  sandstones  and  like  them  have 
quartz  as  their  chief  mineral.  They  differ  from  the  sandstones 
in  being  harder  and  firmer  in  texture  and  more  crystalline  in 
appearance. 

Gneisses. — These  are  metamorphic  rocks  which  are  character- 
ized by  a  parallel  arrangement  of  mineral  particles,  but  which  do 
not  have  as  prominent  cleavage  planes  as  in  the  case  of  the  schists. 
They  are  composed  chiefly  of  quartz  and  feldspar  with  subordinate 
amounts  of  the  micas,  hornblende,  etc. 

Marbles  are  metamorphosed  limestones.  They  are  character- 
ized by  a  crystalline  structure,  and  if  coarse  the  cleavage  planes 
of  the  particles  of  calcite  or  dolomite  are  to  be  plainly  seen. 

PRINCIPAL  ROCK-MAKING  MINERALS. 

Quartz,  SiC>2. — A  very  common  mineral  found  in  igneous, 
metamorphic,  and  sedimentary  rocks  which  are  high  in  silica, 
such  as  granite,  gneiss,  mica  schist,  shale,  and  is  practically  the 
only  mineral  present  in  sandstone  and  quart  zite.  Determined 
by  its  hardness  (7),  its  lack  of  cleavage,  its  conchoidal  fracture 
and  greasy  luster. 

The  Feldspars. 

Potash-feldspar,  Orthoclase  or  Microcline,  KAlSiaOg. 

Soda-feldspar,  Albite,  NaAlSi3O8. 

Lime-feldspar,  Anorthite,  CaAl2Si2O8. 

Isomorphous  mixtures  of  these  last  two  minerals  are  com- 
monly known  as  the  soda-lime,  or  plagioclase,  feldspars.  The 
kinds  generally  recognized  are  oligoclase,  andesite,  and  labradorite. 
The  feldspars  are  very  widely  distributed  and  form  perhaps 
the  most  common  group  of  minerals.  They  are  found  in  nearly 
all  classes  of  rocks,  including  granites,  syenites,  porphyries,  and 
felsite  lavas;  also  in  certain  sandstones  and  conglomerates  and 
in  gneisses.  Determined  by  the  two  good  cleavages  at  right 
angles  or  nearly  so,  the  vitreous  luster,  the  light  color,  and  the 
hardness  (6). 

Elceolite,  or  Wephelite,  NaAlSiC>4  (approximately).  Found 
in  igneous  rocks  (nepheline-syenite,  nepheline-basalt)  which  are 
rich  in  soda  and  low  in  silica. 


74  ROCKS   AND    ROCK-MAKING   MINERALS. 

IJeucite,  KA1  (8103)2- — Not  a  very  common  mineral;  found 
only  in  lavas  which  are  rich  in  potash  and  low  in  silica  (leucite- 
basalt). 

Sodalite,  Hatiynite,  Noselite,  Analcite. — Occasionally 
found  in  igneous  rocks  which  are  rich  in  soda. 

The  Micas. 

Muscovite,  common  light-colored  mica,  H^KAls (8104)3. 

Biotite,  common  dark-colored  mica, 

(H,K)2(Mg,Fe)2Al2(Si04)3. 

The  micas  are  minerals  of  wide  distribution  in  rocks.  Biotite 
is  common  in  rocks  rich  in  feldspars,  like  granites  and  syenites, 
also  in  felsites  and  porphyries.  It  is  found  in  metamorphic  rocks 
such  as  gneisses  and  schists.  Muscovite  is  found  in  granites 
and  syenites  and  especially  in  pegmatite  veins  (see  page  78),  also 
very  commonly  in  gneisses  and  schists.  The  micas  are  distin- 
guished from  the  other  rock-making  minerals  by  their  perfect 
cleavage,  and  from  each  other  by  their  color. 

The  Pyroxenes. — Pyroxene,  or  Augite. — A  calcium-mag- 
nesium-iron metasilicate  of  variable  composition  (see  page  19), 
very  common  in  dark-colored  volcanic  rocks  (basalts,  gabbros, 
peridotites) ,  but  rare  in  metamorphic  rocks. 

J£girite,  or  Acmite,  NaFe (8103)2- — A  mineral  related  to 
pyroxene,  of  rather  common  occurrence  in  igneous  rocks  which 
are  rich  in  soda  and  iron. 

Enstatite,  Bronzite,  Hypersthene,  MgSiO3,  with  isomorphous 
FeSiOs. — Minerals  of  the  pyroxene  group  of  rather  rare  occur- 
rence, generally  found  in  basic  igneous  rocks  (peridotites). 

Hornblende,  or  Amphibole. — A  calcium-magnesium-iron 
metasilicate  of  variable  composition  (see  page  19).  The 
amphiboles  are  common  and  widely  distributed  minerals,  playing 
an  important  r61e  in  plutonic  igneous  rocks  (such  as  granites, 
syenites,  or  diorites),  or  in  metamorphic  rocks  (such  as  crystalline 
schists).  Determined  chiefly  by  its  fine  prismatic  cleavage,  and 
usually  its  dark-green  to  black  color. 

Chrysolite,  or  Olivine,  (Mg,Fe)2SiO4-  —  Generally  found 
in  volcanic  rocks  which  are  low  in  silica  (gabbros,  peridotites,  and 
basaltic  lavas).  Usually  granular  in  structure  and  of  a  yellow- 
green  color. 

JLaolin,  H4Al2Si2O9. — Always  a  secondary  mineral  result- 
ing chiefly  from  the  decomposition  of  feldspars.  It  is  the  basis 


ACCESSORY   MINERALS,  COMMONLY   FOUND   IN   ROCKS.  75 

of  most  clays  and  consequently  is  found  in  great  quantities  in 
certain  places. 

Chlorite,  or  Clinochlore.  —  The  chlorites  form  an  ill- 
denned  group  of  hydrous  silicates  of  aluminium  with  ferrous  iron 
and  magnesium.  They  are  green  in  color  and  micaceous  in  struc- 
ture, but  their  foliae  are,  inelastic,  which  serves  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  true  micas.  They  are  secondary  minerals  result- 
ing from  the  alteration  of  magnesium  silicates.  Many  igneous 
rocks  owe  their  green  color  to  the  formation  of  secondary  chlorite. 
The  mineral  is  also  common  in  metamorphic  rocks. 

Serpentine,  H4Mg3Si2Og.  —  Always  a  secondary  mineral 
resulting  from  the  alteration  of  magnesium  silicates  like  pyroxene, 
amphibole,  and  especially  chrysolite.  It  is  a  common  mineral 
found  in  both  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks  which  have  been 
more  or  less  altered. 

Calcite,  CaCOs.  —  A  very  common  and  widely  diffused 
mineral.  Found  to  some  extent  in  igneous  rocks  as  a  secondary 
mineral,  but  chiefly  in  the  sedimentary  and  metamorphic  series. 
Such  rocks  as  chalks,  limestones,  and  marbles  are  composed  almost 
entirely  of  the  mineral.  It  can  be  determined  by  its  softness 
(3),  its  cleavage,  and  its  ready  effervescence  in  acids. 

Dolomite,  CaMg (SiOs^. — A  mineral  occurring  in  the  same 
way  as  calcite.  It  forms  dolomite  marbles  and,  associated  with 
varying  amounts  of  calcite,  is  found  in  the  dolomitic  limestones. 


ACCESSORY  MINERALS,  COMMONLY  FOUND  IN  ROCKS. 

In  addition  to  the  principal  rock-making  minerals,  a  descrip- 
tive list  of  which  has  just  been  given,  there  are  a  number  of  min- 
erals which  are  found  occurring  persistently  in  rocks,  but  only 
in  small  amounts,  and  generally  in  'minute  crystals.  They  are 
called  Accessory  Rock  Minerals,  and  the  more  important  of  them 
are  listed  below. 


Magnetite,  Fe3O4.      1 
Ilmenite,  FeTiO3. 
Hematite,  Fe2Os. 
Pyrite,  FeS2. 


T,  -~      ~         phic  rocks. 

Pyrrhotite,  FenSi2.  J 


These  iron  minerals  are  commonly  found 
in  disseminated  crystals  or  segregated 
masses  in  plutonic,  volcanic,  and  metamor- 


76  VEINS   AND   VEIN   MINERALS. 


Apatite,  Ca4[Ca(F,Cl)][P04]3. 
Rutile,'  Ti  O2. 
Titanite,  Ca  Ti  Si  O5. 
Zircon,  Zr  Si  O4. 


Found  in  almost  all  plutonic 
and  volcanic  rocks,  though  gener- 
ally in  small  quantities  and  usually 
only  in  microscopic  crystals. 


Garnet  (almandite) ,  Fe3  Al2'[Si  O4]3- 
Epidote, 

Ca2  [Al .  OH]  (Al,  Fe)2  [Si  O4]3. 
Staurolite, 


Found     in     metamorphic 
rocks   (gneisses  and  schists). 


(Mg,  Fe)  [Al .  OH]  [Al  O]4[Si  O4]2. 
Cyanite,  A12  Si  O5. 

lolite,  Zoisite,  Piedmontite,  Scapolite  or  Wernerite,  Andalu- 
site  and  Sillimanite  are  minerals  occasionally  found  in  meta- 
morphic rocks. 

VEINS  AND   VEIN   MINERALS. 

The  rocks  of  the  earth's  crust  are  everywhere  crossed  by 
cracks  or  fissures.  These  openings  may  be  narrow  and  short, 
or  they  may  be  large  and  persist  for  considerable  distances. 
Often  these  fissures  have  been  filled  by  mineral  materials  which 
have  been  deposited  in  them  from  solutions  that  have  circulated 
through  the  openings.  Such  a  filled  fissure  is  called  a  vein.  Veins 
vary  greatly  in  shape  and  size,  according  to  the  type  of  fissure 
which  they  occupy,  and  this  in  turn  is  largely  determined  by 
the  character  of  the  rock  through  which  it  passes.  Veins  also 
vary  in  their  mineral  contents,  according  to  the  chemical  character 
of  the  solutions  which  formed  them.  A  great  many  different 
minerals  with  many  different  associations  may  be  found  in  veins, 
but  there  are  certain  minerals  and  associations  that  are  more 
frequent  in  their  occurrence,  as  is  pointed  out  in  the  succeeding 
lists. 

1.  In  gold-bearing  quartz  veins. 

Quartz,  Si  O2.  Chalcopyrite,  Cu  Fe  S2. 

Pyrite,  Fe  S2.  Arsenopyrite,  Fe  As  S. 

2.  In  veins  carrying  sulphide  ores  of  silver,  lead,   and   zinc. 
The  silver  minerals  are  noted  on  page  49.     The  sulphides   of  lead 
and    zinc    are    generally   galena,    Pb  S,   and   sphalerite,   Zn  S   or 
(Zn,  Fe)  S. 

Quartz,  Si  O2.  Calcite,  Ca  CO3. 

Pyrite,  Fe  S2.  Dolomite,  Ca  Mg  [CO3]2. 

Marcasite,  Fe  S2.  Siderite,  Fe  CO3. 

Arsenopyrite,  Fe  As  S.  Rhodochrosite,  Mn  CO3. 


VEINS  AND  VEIN  MINERALS. 


77 


Chalcopyrite,  Cu  Fe  S2. 
Tetrahedrite,  Cu8  (Sb,  As)2  S7. 


Barite,  Ba  SO4. 
Fluorite,  Ca  F2. 


Vein  minerals  may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  namely, 
Primary  Minerals,  or  those  which  were  originally  deposited  in 
the  fissure  by  the  mineral  waters,  and  Secondary  Minerals,  or 
those  which  have  resulted  from  an  alteration  of  the  primary 
minerals.  Primary  minerals  are  usually  unoxidized  compounds 
(chiefly  sulphides)  and  have  in  general  been  deposited  by  ascend- 
ing waters.  Secondary  minerals,  on  the  other  hand,  are  usu- 
ally oxidized  compounds  (chiefly  oxides,  carbonates,  sulphates, 
and  silicates)  and  have  been  formed  from  the  primary  minerals 
by  the  action  of  oxidizing  waters  descending  from  the  surface 
along  the  vein.  In  the  following  table  the  chief  primary  min- 
erals are  given  in  one  column,  and  opposite  them  the  various 
secondary  minerals  which  may  be  formed  from  them  under 
different  conditions.- 

3.  Primary  and  secondary  minerals  of  veins. 


Primary  Minerals. 
Pyrite,  Fe  S2. 
Marcasite,  Fe  S2. 


Chalcopyrite,  Cu  Fe  S2. 


Galena,  PbS. 


Sphalerite,  Zn  S. 


Argentite,  Ag2  S,  or  other  sulphide 
compounds  of  silver. 


Secondary  Minerals. 
(  Limonite,  Fe4  O3  [OH]6. 
(  Melanterite,  Fe  SO4.  7  H2O. 

Native  Copper. 

Chalcocite,  Cu2  S. 

Bornite,  Cu5  Fe  S4. 

Malachite,  [Cu  .  OH]2  CO3. 

Azurite,  Cu  [Cu  .  OH]2  [COafe. 

Chrysocolla,  Cu  Si  O3  .  2  H3O  ? 

Cuprite,Cu2O. 

Chalcanthite,  Cu  SO4 .  5  H2O. 

Cerussite,  Pb  CO3. 

Anglesite,  Pb  SO4. 

Pyromorphite, 

Pb4[PbCl][P04V 

Wulfenite,PbMoO4. 

[  Smithsonite,  Zn  CO3. 

\  Calamine,  H2  [Zn2  O]  Si  O4. 

I  Goslarite,  Zn  SO4  .  7  H2O. 

Native  Silver. 

Cerargyrite,  Ag  Cl. 

Embolite,  Ag  (Cl,  Br). 

Bromyrite,  Ag  Br. 


78  MINERALS    RESULTING    FROM   CONTACT    METAMORPHISM. 

Tellurides  of  gold.  Native  Gold. 

Feldspars.  Kaolin. 

In  connection  with  masses  of  granite  rocks  there  are  often 
found  veins  or  dikes  which  consist  chiefly  of  the  characteristic 
minerals  of  the  granite  (quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica)  and  usually 
in  very  large  crystals.  Other  minerals  are  commonly  present 
also,  frequently  in  large  crystals,  but  which  are  to  be  found  in 
only  very  small  amounts,  if  at  all,  in  the  neighboring  granite,  and 
which,  because  they  contain  hydroxyl,  boron,  or  fluorine,  show 
that  vapors  of  these  substances  existing  under  great  pressure 
were  active  in  the  formation  of  the  veins.  Because  of  the  pres- 
ence of  these  minerals  and  also  from  the  evidence  of  the  struc- 
ture of  the  veins  it  is  considered  that,  usually  at  least,  they  have 
been  deposited  from  solutions  or  vapors  at  high  temperatures  and 
pressures,  and  have  not  resulted  from  the  simple  cooling  of  a 
molten  mass,  like  a  true  igneous  rock.  Such  veins  are  known 
as  Pegmatite  Veins,  and  a  list  of  their  characteristic  minerals 
follows. 

4.  In  pegmatite  veins. 

Of  common  occurrence.  Of  somewhat  rare  occurrence. 

Quartz.  Pyrite. 

C  Orthoclase.  Molybdenite. 

Feldspar,    -j  Microcline.  Lepidolite. 

(.Albite.  Spodumene. 

Muscovite.  Triphylite. 


MlCa"    '  Biotite.  Columbite. 


ica,    -j 

( Almandite.  Cassiterite. 

et'     ( Spessartite.  Monazite. 

Beryl. 

Tourmaline. 
Apatite. 
Fluorite. 

MINERALS   RESULTING  FROM   CONTACT 
METAMORPHISM. 

When  limestone  rocks  are  subjected  to  heat  and  pressure 
through  the  intrusion  into  them  of  masses  of  hot  igneous  rocks 
they  are  metamorphosed  and  changed  into  crystalline  limestones 
or  marbles.  If  the  limestone  was  impure,  other  minerals  are  fre- 
quently formed  at  the  same  time  in  the  limestone  in  the  zone  near 
the  plane  of  contact  between  the  two  rocks.  These  minerals  are 


MINERALS  RESULTING  FROM  CONTACT  METAMORPHISM.    79 

spoken  of   as  Contact  Metamorphic  Minerals,  and  a  list  of   the 
more  important  of  them  is  given  below. 

Graphite.  Wollastonite.  Phlogopite. 

Spinel.  Tremolite.  ( Grossularite. 

„          ,  -T.  Garnet,    -j  A  ,. 

Corundum.  Pyroxene.  tAndradite. 

Igneous  rocks  when  cooling  give  off  large  amounts  of  water 
and  various  elements  (especially  boron  and  fluorine)  in  the  form 
of  vapors,  under  the  influence  of  which  various  minerals,  com- 
monly called  Ptiewmatolytic  Minerals,  are  developed  in  limestones 
in  the  zone  near  the  contact  plane  between  that  rock  and  the 
igneous  intrusion.  The  following  minerals  are  often  formed  in 
this  way: 

Chondrodite. 

Vesuvianite. 

Scapolite. 

Tourmaline. 

Fluorite. 


INDEX. 


ABRASIVES 57 

Accessory  Rock  Minerals 75 

Acmite 19*  74 

Adamite 16,  56 

^Egirite 19,  5°,  74 

JEschynite 15 

Agate 60,  66 

Aguilarite 47 

Aikinite 13 

Alabandite 6,  40 

Alabaster 66 

Albite 22,  50,  73 

Alexandrite,  Chrysoberyl 61 

Algodonite 23,33 

Allanite 19,  32 

Alloclasite 13 

Allophane 23 

Almandite 5,  36 

Altaite 4,  38,  53 

Alum 6,  25,  26 

Aluminium 25 

Alunite n,  25,  46 

Amalgam 41,  49 

Amarantite 22 

Amblygonite 22,  34,  39 

Amethyst 60 

Amphibole 19,  39,  74 

Analcite 5,  50 

Anatase,  Octahedrite 7 

Andalusite 15 

Andesite 22 

Andradite 5,  36 

Anglesite 17,38 

Anhydrite 17,  29 

Annabergite 21,  42 

Anorthite 22,  29,  73 


Anthophyllite 14,  39 

Anthophyllite- Asbestos 58 

Anthracite  Coal 31 

Antimony 10,  26 

Apatite 10,  29,  34,  42 

Apophyllite 7,  46 

Aquamarine 60 

Aragonite 14,  29 

Ardennite 15,  55 

Argentite 4,49 

Argyrodite 4,  35,49 

Arsenic 10,  27 

Arsenolite 4 

Arsenopyrite 13,  27 

Asbestos 58 

Asphaltum 31 

Astrophyllite '. 20,  54 

Atacamite 14,  33 

Augite 19,  74 

Aurichalcite 18,  56 

Autunite 16,  55 

Awaruite 42 

Axinite 22,28 

Azurite 18,  33 

BABINGTONITE 22 

Baddeleyite 56 

Barite 17,  27 

Barium 27 

Barysilite 9,  38 

Barytocalcite 18,  27 

Basalt 71 

Bastnasite 32,  34 

Baumhauerite 18 

Bauxite 23,  25 

Berthierite 13 

81 


82 


INDEX. 


Bertrandite 15,  27 

Beryl 9,  27,  61 

Beryllium 27 

Beryllonite  ... 16,  27,  50 

Berzelianite 4,  33,  47 

Biotite 20,  39,  46,  74 

Bischofite 39 

Bismuth 10,  28 

Bismuthinite 13,  28 

Bismutite 28 

Bismutosphaerite 23,  28 

Bituminous  Coal 31 

Bixbyite 5,4° 

Blende,  Sphalerite 6,  56 

Blodite 21,  39 

Blue  Vitriol 34 

Bog  Iron  Ore,  Limonite 23,  36 

Boracite 6,  28,  39 

Borax 21,  28,  50 

Bornite 4,  33 

Boron 28 

Bournonite 13 

Boytonite 22 

Brandtite 22 

Brass 33 

Braunite 7,4° 

Breccia 65 

Breithauptite 10,  42 

Brewsterite 20,  51 

Brimstone 52 

Brochantite 17,  33 

Bromine 29 

Bromyrite 29,  49 

Bronze 34 

Bronzite 14,  39,  74 

Brookite 14,  54 

Brucite n,  39 

Brushite 21 

CADMIUM 29 

Caesium 29 

Calamine 1 5,  56 

Calaverite 18,  35,  53 

Calcite u,  29,  75 

Calcium 29 

Calomel 7,  41 

Cancrinite 9,  50 

Canfieldite 4,  35,  49,  53 

Carbonado,  Diamond 57 

Carborundum 57 

Carnallite 14,  39,  46 


Carnotite 55 

Carpholite 19 

Cassiterite 7,  53 

Cat's  eye,  Chrysoberyl 61 

Cattapleiite 56 

Celestite 17,  51 

Cement 58 

Cerargyrite 4,49 

Cerite 15,  32 

Cerium 32 

Cerussite 14,  38 

Cervantite 26 

Chabazite 1 1 

Chalcanthite 22,  33 

Chalcedony 66 

Chalcocite 13,  33 

Chalcomenite 21,  33,  47 

Chalcophanite 1 1 

Chalcophyllite n,  33 

Chalcopyrite 8,  33 

Chalcostibite 13,  33 

Chalk 30 

Childrenite 16 

Chile  Saltpeter 43 

Chloanthite 6,  27,  42 

Chlorine 32 

Chlorites 20,  39,  75 

Chloritoid .  20 

Chondrodite 19,  39 

Chrysoprase 6 1 

Chromite 4,  32 

Chromium 32 

Chrysoberyl 14,  27,  61 

Chrysocolla 23,  33 

Chrysolite 15,  39,  61,  74 

Chrysotile- Asbestos 58 

Cinnabar 12,  41 

Clausthalite 38,  47 

Clay 58 

Clinochlore 20,  39,  75 

Clinoclasite 21,  33 

Clinohedrite 19,  56 

Clinohumite 19,  39 

Coal 31 

Cobalt 33 

Cobaltite 6,  33 

Colemanite 21,  28,  29 

Coloradoite 41,  53 

Columbite 15,  36 

Columbium 33 

Contact  Metamorphic  Minerals.  .  .  78 


INDEX. 


Copper 3,  33 

Corundum n,  25,  57 

Cosalite 13,  3-8 

Cotunnite 14,  38 

Covellite 9,33 

Crocoite 21,  32,  38 

Crookesite 4,  47,  53 

Cryolite 18,  25,  50 

Cuprite 4,  33 

Cuprotungstite 54 

Cyanite 22,  25 

Cylindrite 53 

DANBURITE 15,  28 

Darapskite 50 

Datolite 19,  28 

Dawsonite 18,  50 

Decorative  Stones 65 

Descloizite 16,  38,  55 

Deweylite 23 

Diamond 3,  31,  57,  6 1 

Diaspore 14 

Didymium 34 

Diopside 19 

Dioptase 12,  33 

Diorite 70 

Dolomite 12,  29,  39,  75 

Domeykite 23,  33 

Dufrenite 16 

Dufrenoysite 18,  38 

Dumortierite 15 

Durangite 21,  34,  50 

Durdenite 53 

Dyscrasite 49 

EDINGTONITE 8 

Elaeolite 73 

Embolite 4,  29,  49 

Emerald 61 

Emery 57 

Emmonsite 2 1,  53 

Emplectite 13,  28,  33 

Enargite 14,  27,  33 

Enstatite 14,  39,  74 

Epidote 19 

Epsomite i7>  39 

Erbium 34 

Erythrite 21,  33 

Eucairite 47 

Euchroite 16,  33 

Euclase 19,  27 


Eucryptite 9,  39 

Eudidimite 19,  50 

Eudyalite 1 1,  50,  56 

Eulytite 6,  28 

Euxenite 15 

FAIRFIELDITE 22 

Famatinite 14 

Fayalite 15,  36 

Feldspars 25,  46,  59,  73 

Felsite 71 

Fergusonite 8 

Ferro-chromium 32 

Ferro-manganese 40 

Ferro-molybdenum 41 

Ferro-nickel 42 

Ferro-silicon 47 

Ferro-titanium 54 

Ferro-tungsten 55 

Flint 59 

Fluorine 34 

Fluorite 4,  29 

Flux 30 

Forsterite 15 

Franckeite 53 

Franklinite 4,  40,  56 

Freieslebenite 18 

Fuller's  Earth 59 

GABBRO : 70 

Gadolinite 19,  27,  32 

Gahnite 4,  56 

Galena 4,38 

Galenobismuthite 13 

Gallium 35 

Ganomalite 7,38 

Garnet 5,  58,  61 

Garnierite 23,  42 

Gay-Lussite 18,  29,  50 

Gem  Minerals 60 

Genthite 23,  42 

Geocronite 13 

Gerhardtite 16,  33 

Germanium 35 

German  Silver 34 

Gersdorffite 6,  27,  42 

Gibbsite 18,  25 

Glauberite 21,  29,  50 

Glaucochroite 15,  40 

Glaucodot 13,  33 

Glaucophane 19,  50 


INDEX. 


Gmelinite 1 1 

Gneiss 73 

Gold 3,35 

Goslarite 17,  56 

Gothite 14,  36 

Granite 64,  65,  70 

Graphite 10,  3 1 

Greenockite 10,  29 

Grossularite 5 

Guanajuatite 47 

Gummite 55 

Gypsum 21,29 

HALITE  . 4,  50 

Hambergite 16 

Hamlinite ...11,51 

Hanksite 9,  50 

Hardystonite 7,  56 

Harmotome 20,  2  7 

Hauerite 6,  40 

Hausmannite 7,  40 

Haiiynite 5,  50 

Helvite 6.  27,  40 

Hematite n,  36 

Herderite 20,  27,  34 

Hessite 4,  49,  53 

Heulandite 20 

Hiddenite,  Spodumene 63 

Homilite 19 

Hopeite 56 

Hornblende 19,  74 

Howlite 16 

Hiibnerite 21,  40,  54 

Humite 15,  19,  39 

Hyalophane 19,  27 

Hydrogen 35 

Hydromagnesite 18,  39 

Hydrozincite 23,  56 

Hypersthene 14*  74 

ILMENITE 12,36,  54 

Ilvaite 15,  36 

Indium 35 

Inesite 22,  40 

Infusorial  Earth 48 

Iodine 36 

lodyrite 10,  36,  49 

lolite 14 

Iridium 36 

Iridosmine 9 

Iron 3,36 


JADE 65 

Jadeite 19,  50,  65 

Jamesonite 13,38 

Jarosite 1 1,  36,  46 

Jasper 62,  66 

Jordanite 18 

Josephinite 42 

KAINITE 21,  39,46 

Kalinite 6,  25,  46 

Kaolin 20,  25,  59,  74 

Kentrolite 15,  38 

Kermesite 26 

Krennerite 13,  35,  53 

Kunzite 62 

LABRADORITE 22 

Land  Plaster 30 

Langbeinite 46 

Lansfordite 22,  39 

Lanthanite 14,  32 

Lanthanum 32 

Lapis-Lazuli 62,  66 

Laumontite ,20 

Lautarite 36 

Lazulite 21,  25 

Lazurite 5,  50,  62 

Lead .  .  .38 

Leadhillite 18,  38 

Lepidolite 20,  34,  39 

Lepidomelane 20 

Leucite 5,  25,  46,  74 

Leucophanite 14,  27 

Libethenite 16,  33 

Lime 30 

Limestone 29,  72 

Limonite 23,  36 

Linarite 21 

Linnaeite 4,  33,  42 

Lithiophilite 16,  39,  40 

Lithium 39 

Lollingite 13,  27 

Lorandite 53 

Ludwigite 16 

MAGNESITE n,  39 

Magnesium 39 

Magnetite 4,36 

Malachite 18,  33,  66 

Manganese 40 

Manganite 14,  40 


INDEX. 


Manganosite 4,4° 

Marble 29,  65,  73 

Marcasite 13,  36 

Margarita 20 

Marshite 6,  36 

Massicot 38 

Matildite 13,  49 

Matlockite 7,38 

Melaconite 33 

Melanotekite 15,  38 

Melanterite 21,  36 

Melonite 42,53 

Meneghinite 13,  38 

Mercury 41 

Metaoinnabarite 41 

Mexican  Onyx 65 

Miargyrite 18,  49 

Micas 25,  39,  64,  74 

Microcline 22,  46,  73 

Microlite 5 

Miersite 6,  36 

Millerite 10,  42 

Mimetite 10,  27,  38 

Mineral  Paint 37 

Minium 38 

Mirabilite 2 1 ,  50 

Molybdenite 9,  41 

Molybdenum 41 

Molybdite 41 

Monazite 20,  32 

Montanite 53 

Monticellite 15,  39 

Moonstone 62 

Morenosite 17,  42 

Muscovite  . 20,  46,  74 

NAGYAGITE 53 

Nantokite 4 

Nasonite 7,38 

Natrojarosite IT,  50 

Natrolite 15,  50 

Natron 1 8,  50 

Natrophilite 16,  50 

Natural  Gas 31 

Naumannite 47 

Nephelite 9,  25,  50,  73 

Nephrite,  Jade 65 

Nesquehonite 14,  39 

Niccolite 10,  27,  42 

Nickel ,  ....  42 

Niobium 42 


Niter 16 

Nitrogen 43 

Nordenskioldine 53 

Northupite 5,  50 

Noselite 50 

Noumeaite 23,  42 

Novaculite 48 

OCTAHEDRITE 7,  54 

Oligoclase 22 

Olivenite 16,  27,  33 

Olivine 1 5,  74 

Onofrite 6,  41,  47 

Opal 23,  62 

Ornamental  Stones 65 

Orpiment 1 8 

Orthoclase 19,  46,  73 

Osmium 43 

Oxygen 44 

Ozokerite 31 

PACHNOLITE 18,  50 

Palladium 44 

Paragonite 20,  50 

Parisite 9,  32,  34 

Pearceite 18,  49 

Pectolite 19,  50 

Pegmatite  Veins 78 

Penninite 1 1 

Pentlandite 4,  42 

Percylite 4,  38 

Periclase 4,  39 

Peridot : 62 

Peridotite 70 

Peristerite,  Moonstone 62 

Perovskite 5,  29,  54 

Petalite 19,  39 

Petroleum 31 

Petzite.  .  .. 4,  35,  49,  53 

Pha.rmacosiderite 6 

Phenacite 12,  27 

Phillipsite 20 

Phlogopite 20,  39 

Phosgenite 7,38 

Phosphate  Rock 44 

Phosphorus 44 

Picromerite 21 

Piedmontite 19,  40 

Pirssonite 14,  50 

Pitchblende 55 

Plagionite 18 


86 


INDEX. 


Plaster  of  Paris 30 

Platinum 3,45 

Plattnerite 7,38 

Plumbojarosite 1 1 

Pneumatolytic  Minerals 79 

Polianite 7,4° 

Pollucite 5,  29 

Polyargyrite 49 

Polybasite 18,  49 

Polycrase 15 

Polyhalite 2 1,  46 

Polymignite 15,  56 

Porphyry 65,  71 

Potassium  ...  , 46 

Powellite 41 

Precious  Stones 60 

Prehnite 15 

Prolectite 19 

Proust it-e 10,  27,  49 

Pseudobrookite 54 

Psilomelane 23,  40 

Pucherite 16,  28,  55 

Pumice 58 

Pyrargyrite 10,  26,  49 

Pynte 6,  36,  52 

Pyrochlore 5 

Pyrochroite 1 1 ,  40 

Pyrolusite 14,  40 

Pyromorphite 10,  38 

Pyrope 5 

Pyrophyllite 20,  25 

Pyrophyllitc,  Talc 66 

Pyrosmalite 1 1 

Pyroxene 19,  39,  62,  74 

Pyrrhotite 9,  36,  42 

QUARTZ 12,  58,  63,  66 

Quartzite 48,  73 

Quicksilver 41 

RALSTONITE 4 

Rammelsbergite 13,  42 

Raspite 54 

Realgar 1 8 

Reddingite 16 

Reinite 54 

Rhodium 47 

Rhodochrosite 1 1 ,  40 

Rhodonite 22,  40,  66 

Rickardite 33,53 

Rock  Making  Minerals 73 


Roscoelite 20,  55 

Roselite 22 

Rubellite,  Tourmaline 63 

Rubidium 47 

Ruby 63 

Ruby-Copper,  Cuprite 4,  33 

Ruby-Silver,  Proustite 10,  49 

Ruthenium 47 

Rutile 7,54 

SALT,  Halite 4,  50 

Safflorite 13 

Samarskite 15 

Sandstone 48,  72 

Sapphire 63 

Sartorite 13,  38 

Sassolite 22,28 

Satin  Spar 66 

Scapolite 8,  50 

Scheelite 8,  29,  54 

Schist 72 

Schoenite 39,  46 

Schorlomite 54 

Scolecite 20 

Scorodite 16,  27,  36 

Selenium 47 

Selen-Tellurium ^}  53 

Sellaite 39 

Senarmontite 4,  26 

Serpentine 20,  39,  66,  75 

Serpentine-Asbestos 58 

Seybertite 20 

Shale 72 

Siderite u}  36 

Silicon 47 

Sillimanite r 15 

Silver 3,  49 

Slate 66,  73 

Smaltite 6,  27,  33 

Smithsonite i  If  56 

Soapstone 66 

Soda-Niter n,  43,  50 

Sodalite $}  50 

Spangolite 1 1,  33 

Spelter,  Zinc   56 

Sperrylite 6,  45 

Spessartite 5,  40 

Sphalerite 6,  56 

Spiegeleisen 40 

Spinel 4,  39,  63 

Spodumene 19,  39,  63 


INDEX. 


Stannite 7,  53 

Staurolite 15 

Stephanite 13,  49 

Stibiconite 26 

Stibnite 13,  26 

Stilbite 20 

Stolzite 8,  38,  54 

Strengite 16 

Stromeyerite 13,  33,  49 

Strontianite 14,  51 

Struvite 16 

Svilphohalite 5,  50 

Sulphur 13,  52 

Sussexite 16,  40 

Syenite 70 

Sylvanite 18,  35,  49,  53 

Sylvite 4,  46 

Syngenite 21 


TACHYDRITE 

Talc 20,  39, 

Tantalum 

Tapiolite 

Tellurite 

Tellurium 10, 

Tennantite 6, 

Tenorite 

Tephroite 15, 

Tetradymite 10,  28, 

Tetrahedrite 6,  26, 

Thallium 

Thaumasite 

Thenardite 17, 

Thermoriatrite 

Thomsenolite 1 8, 

Thomsonite 

Thorite 7, 

Thorium 

Tiemannite 6,  41, 

Tin  . 


39 
66 

52 
•7 

53 
53 
33 
33 
40 

53 
33 
53 
•9 
50 
5o 
5° 
IS 
32 
53 
47 

53 
Titanic  Iron 54 

Titanite 20,  29,  54 

Titanium 54 

T°Paz  •  ; 15,  25,  34,  63 

Torbernite 7,55 

Tourmaline u,  28,  63 

Tremolite 19 

Tremolite-Asbestos 58 

Tridymite g 

Triphylite 16,  36,  39 

Triplite 21,  34,40 


Triploidite 2 1,  40 

Trona 18,  50 

Tungsten 54 

Tungstite 54 

Turgite 23,  36 

Turquois 23,  25,  63 

Tysonite 9,  3  2 

ULEXITE 28,  50 

Ullmannite 6,  42 

Umangite 47 

Uraninite 5,55 

Uranium 55 

Uranophane 55 

Uranothalite 55 

Useful  Minerals 59 

Uvarovite 5,  32 

VALENTINITE i4;  26 

Vanadinite 10,  38,  55 

Vanadium 55 

Vein  Minerals 76 

Verd-antique  Marble 65 

Vermiculite 20 

Vesuvianite 7 

Vivianite 21,36 

Volborthite 55 

WAGNERITE 21,  34,  39 

Warwickite 16 

Wavellite 16,  25 

Wellsite 20 

Wernerite 8,  50 

Whewellite 21 

Whitneyite 23,  33 

Willemite 12,  56 

Witherite 14,  27 

Wittichenite 13 

Wohlerite 56 

Wolfachite 13 

Wolframite 21,  36,  54 

Wollastonite 19,  29 

Wulfenite 8,  38,  41 

Wurtzite 10,  56 

XANTHOSIDERITE 23 

Xenotime 7,  32 

YTTRIUM 56 

Yttrotantaiite 15 

ZARATITE 23,  42 


88 


INDEX. 


Zeolites 25 

Zeunerite 7,  55 

Zinc 56 

Zincite 10,  56 

Zinkenite 13,  38 


Zircon 7,  56,  63 

Zirconium 56 

Zoisite 15 

Zunyite 6,  34 


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Peabody's  Naval  Architecture 8vo,  7  50 

Rice's  Concrete-block  Manufacture 8vo,  2  oo 

Richey's  Handbook  for  Superintendents  of  Construction i6mo,  mcr.,  4  oo 

*              Building  Mechanics'  Ready  Reference  Book.     Carpenters'  and  Wood- 
workers' Edition i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  i  50 

Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  50 

Sondericker's  Graphic  Statics  with  Applications  to  Trusses,  Beams,  and  Arches. 

8vo,  2  oo 

Towne's  Locks  and  Builders'  Hardware i8mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings:   Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and  Steel.  .8vo,  4  oo 
Worcester  and  Atkinson's  Small  Hospitals,  Establishment  and  Maintenance, 
Suggestions  for  Hospital  Architecture,  with  Plans  for  a  Small  Hospital. 

i2mo,  i  25 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 Large  4to,  i  oo 


ARMY  AND  NAVY. 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder,  Nitro-cellulose,  and  the  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  2  50 

Chase's  Screw  Propellers  and  Marine  Propulsion 8vo,  3  oo 

Cloke's  Gunner's  Examiner 8vo,  i  50 

Craig's  Azimuth 4to,  3  50 

Crehore  and  Squier's  Polarizing  Photo-chronograph 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Davis's  Elements  of  Law 8vo,  2  50 

*  Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  United  States 8vo,  7  oo 

Sheep,  7  50 

De  Brack's  Cavalry  Outposts  Duties.     (Carr.) 24mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

Dietz's  Soldier's  First  Aid  Handbook i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

*  Dudley's  Military  Law  and  the  Procedure  of  Courts-martial. .  .  Large  i2mo,  2  50 
Durand's  Resistance  and  Propulsion  of  Ships 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Dyer's  Handbook  of  Light  Artillery i2mo,  3  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Fiebeger's  Text-book  on  Field  Fortification Small  8vo,  2  oo 

Hamilton's  The  Gunner's  Catechism i8mo,  i  oo 

*  HofPs  Elementary  Naval  Tactics 8vo,  i  50 

2 


Ingalls's  Handbook  of  Problems  in  Direct  Fire.  . 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Ballistic  Tables '. 8vo,  i  50 

*  Lyons's  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.  Vols.  I.  and  II.  .8vo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Mahan's  Permanent  Fortifications.    (Mercur.) 8vo,  half  morocco,  7  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

*  Mercur's  Attack  of  Fortified  Places i2mo,  2  oo 

*  Elements  of  the  Art  of  War. 8vo,  4  oo 

Metcalf's  Cost  of  Manufactures — And  the  Administration  of  Workshops.  .8vo,  5  oo 

*  Ordnance  and  Gunnery.     2  vols I2mo,  5  oo 

Murray's  Infantry  Drill  Regulations i8mo,  paper,  10 

Nixon's  Adjutants'  Manual 24010,  i  oo 

Peabody's  Naval  Architecture 8vo,  7  50 

*  Phelps's  Practical  Marine  Surveying 8vo,  2  50 

Powell's  Army  Officer's  Examiner I2mo,  4  oo 

Sharpe's  Art  of  Subsisting  Armies  in  War i8mo,  morocco,  i  50 

*  Tupes  and  Poole's  Manual  of  Bayonet  Exercises  and    Musketry  Fencing. 

24010,  leather,  50 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  bo 

Weaver's  Military  Explos'.ves 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Wheeler's  Siege  Operations  and  Military  Mining. 8vo,  2  oo 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law I2mo,  2  50 

WoodhulPs  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 

Young's  Simple  Elements  of  Navigation i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

ASSAYING. 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

i2mos  morocco,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Lodge's  Notes  on  Assaying  and  Metallurgical  Laboratory  Experiments.  .  .  .8vo,  3  oo 

Low's  Technical  Methods  of  Ore  Analysis ^ 8vo,  3  oo 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying I2mo,  i  oo 

Cyanide  Process i2mo,  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.) i2mo,  2  50 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process I2mo,  i  50 

ASTRONOMY. 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Craig's  Azimuth 4to,  3  50 

Crandall's  Text-book  on  Geodesy  and  Least  Squares 8vo,  3  oo 

Doolittle's  Treatise  on  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  4  oo 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

*  Michie  and  Harlow's  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

*  White's  Elements  of  Theoretical  and  Descriptive  Astronomy i2mo  oo 

BOTANY. 

Davenport's  Statistical  Me  h^ds,  with  Special  Reference  to  Biological  Variation. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

Thome  and  Bennett's  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany i6mo,  2  25 

Westermaier's  Compendium  of  General  Botany.     (Schneider.) 8vo,  2  oo 

3 


CHEMISTRY. 

*  Abegg's  Theory  of  Electrolytic  Dissociation.    (Von  Ende.) i2mo,  i  25 

Adriance's  Laboratory  Calculations  and  Specific  Gravity  Tables i2mo.  i  25 

Alexeyeff' s  General  Principles  of  Organic  Synthesis.     (Matthews.) 8vo.  3  oo 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Arnold's  Compendium  of  Chemistry.     (Mandel.). Small  8vo,  3  50 

Austen's  Notes  for  Chemical  Students i2mo,  i  50 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder. — Nitro-cellulose,  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  2  50 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements 8vo,  i  50 

Brush  and  Penfield's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Claassen's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture.     (Hall  and  Rolfe.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.    (Boltwood.).  .8vo,  3  oo 

Conn's  Indicators  and  Test-papers i2mo,  2  oo 

Tests  and  Reagents 8vo,  3  oo 

Crafts's  Short  Course  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.   (Schaeffer.). .  .  i2mo,  i  50 

*  Danneel's  Electrochemistry.     (Merriam.) i2mo,  i  25 

Dolezalek's   Theory  of   the   Lead  Accumulator   (Storage  Battery).        (Von 

Ende.) I2mo,  2  50 

Drechsel's  Chemical  Reactions.     (Merrill.) i2mo,  i  25 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Effront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Erdmann's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Preparations.     (Dunlap.) i2mo,  i  25 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

i2mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses i2mo,  2  oo 

Fresenius's  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     (Wells.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.  Part  I.  Descriptive.  (Wells.)  8vo,  3  oo 

Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis.     (Cohn.)     2  vols 8vo,  12  50 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Getman's  Exercises  in  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  2  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mo,  i  25 

*  Gooch  and  Browning's  Outlines  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.  Small  8vo,  i   25 

Grotenfelt's  Principles  of  Modern  Dairy  Practice.     (Woll.) i2mo,  2  oo 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall) i2mo,  i  25 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  of  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Helm's  Principles  of  Mathematical  Chemistry.     (Morgan.) i2mo,  i  50 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Herrick's  Denatured  or  Industrial  Alcohol.  Fvo,  4  oo 

Hind's  Inorganic  Chemistry 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Laboratory  Manual  for  Students i2mo,  i  oo 

Holleman's  Text-book  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Cooper.) 8vo,  2  50 

Text-book  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker  and  Mott.) 8vo,  2  50 

*  Laboratory  Manual  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Hopkins's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,  3  oo 

Iddings's  Rock  Minerals 8vo,  5  oo 

Jackson's  Directions  for  Laboratory  Work  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  .8vo,  i  25 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Ladd's  Manual  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis i2mo,  i  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Langworthy  and  Austen.        The   Occurrence   of  Aluminium  in  Vegetable 

Products,  Animal  Products,  and  Natural  Waters 8vo,  2  oo 

Lassar-Cohn's  Application  of  Some  General  Reactions  to  Investigations  in 

Organic  Chemistry.  (Tingle.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control 8vo,  7  SO 

Lob's  Electrochemistry  of  Organic  Compounds.  (Lorenz.) 8vo,  3  oo 

4 


Lodge's  Notes  on  Assaying  and  Metallurgical  Laboratory  Experiments 8vo,    3  oo 

Low's  Technical  Method  of  Ore  Analysis 8vo,    3  oa 

Lunge's  Techno-chemical  Analysis.     (Cohn.) I2mo      i  oo- 

*  McKay  and  Larsen's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Butter-making 8vo,    i  50 

Mandel's  Handbook  for  Bio-chemical  Laboratory i2mo,    i  50 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe .  .  i2mo,        60 
Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

3d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,    4  oo" 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.) i2mo,     i  25 

Matthew's  The  Textile  Fibres.    2d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,    400 

Meyer's  Determination  of  Radicles  in  Carbon  Compounds.     (Tingle.).  .i2mo,    i  oo 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying i2mo,    i  oo 

Cyanide  Process i2mo,     i  oo' 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.) .  .  .  .  i2mo,    2  50" 

Mixter's  Elementary  Text-book  of  Chemistry I2mo,     i  50 

Morgan's  An  Outline  of  the  Theory  of  Solutions  and  its  Results I2mo,     I  oo 

Elements  of  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,    3  oo 

*  Physical  Chemistry  for  Electrical  Engineers I2mo,    5~oo 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  morocco,    i  50 

*  Muir's  History  of  Chemical  Theories  and  Laws 8vo,     4  oo 

Mulliken's  General  Method  for  the  Identification  of  Pure  Organic  Compounds. 

Vol.  I Large  8vo,    5  oo 

O'Brine's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,    2  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  th«  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,    2  oo 

Ostwald's  Conversations  on  Chemistry.     Part  One.     (Ramsey.) j2mo,     i  50 

"  "  Part  Two.     (TurnbulL) i2mo,    200 

*  Pauli's  Physical  Chemistry  in  the  Service  of  Medicine.     (Fischer.) .  .  .  .  i2tno,     i  25 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper  i        50 

Pictet's  The  Alkaloids  and  their  Chemical  Constitution.     (Biddle.) 8vo,    5  oo 

Pinner's  Introduction  to  Organic  Chemistry.     (Austen.) I2mo.    i  50 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,    3  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis i2mo,     i  25 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint. .8vo,    2  oo 
Ricketts  and  Russell's  Skeleton  Notes  upon  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Part  I. 

Non-metallic  Elements.)  8vo,  morocco,  75 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  4  oo 

Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo,  4  oo 

Riggs's  Elementary  Manual  for  the  Chemical  Laboratory 8vo,  i  25 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.  (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions 8vo,  2  oo 

Whys  in  Pharmacy i2mo,  i  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.  (Orndorff.) 8vo,  2  50 

Schimpf's  Text-book  of  Volumetric  Analysis i2mo,  2  50 

Essentials  of  Volumetric  Analysis I2mo,     i  25 

*  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,     i  25 

Smith's  Lecture  Notes  on  Chemistry  for  Dental  Students 8vo,     2  50 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  morocco,    3  oo 

Handbook  for  Cane  Sugar  Manufacturers i6mo,  morocco,    3  oo 

Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils 8vo,    2  50 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,     I  50 

*  Descriptive  General  Chemistry 8vo,    3  oo 

Treadwell's  Qualitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,    3  oo 

Quantitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,    4  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,    5  oo. 

5 


Van  Deventer's  Physical  Chemistry  for  Beginners.     (Boltwood.) i2mo,  i  50 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Ware's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture  and  Refining.     Vol.  I Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Vol.11 SmallSvo,  500 

Washington's  Manual  of  the  Chemical  Analysis  of  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo 

Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,-  3  oo 

Wehrenfennig's  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed- Water 8vo,  4  oo 

Wells's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i  50 

Short  Course  in  Inorganic  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis  for  Engineering 

Students I2mo,  i  50 

Text-book  of  Chemical  Arithmetic i2mo,  i  25 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process I2mo,  i  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo,  7  50 

Wulling's    Elementary    Course    in  Inorganic,  Pharmaceutical,  and  Medical 

Chemistry 12010,  2  oo 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

BRIDGES    AND    ROOFS,       HYDRAULICS.       MATERIALS   OF   ENGINEERING. 
RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Engineers'  Surveying  Instruments. i2mo,  3  oo 

Bixby's  Graphical  Computing  Table Paper  19^X24^  inches.  *  25 

Breed  and  Hosmer's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surveying 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Canal 8vo,  3  50 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Crandall's  Text-book  on  Geodesy  and  Least  Squares 8vo,  3  oo 

Davis's  Elevation  and  Stadia  Tables 8vo,  i  oo 

Elliott's  Engineering  for  Land  Drainage I2mo,  i  50 

Practical  Farm  Drainage i2mo,  i  oo 

*Fiebeger's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  5  oo 

Flemer's  Phototopographic  Methods  and  Instruments 8vo,  5  oo 

Folwell's  Sewerage.     (Designing  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering.     2d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  3  50 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo,  2  50 

Goodhue's  Municipal  Improvements i2mo,  i  50 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Howe's  Retaining  Walls  for  Earth I2mo,  i  25 

*  Ives's  Adjustments  of  the  Engineer's  Transit  and  Level i6mo,  Bds.  25 

Ives  and  Hilts's  Problems  in  Surveying i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Johnson's  (J.  B.)  Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Johnson's  (L.  J.)  Statics  by  Algebraic  and  Graphic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.    (Truscott  and  Emory.) .  i2mo,  2  oo 

Mahan's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering.     (1873.)     (Wood.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  i  50 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Merriman  and  Brooks's  Handbook  for  Surveyors i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

Nugent's  Plane  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Parsons's  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse 8vo,  oo 

Patton's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo  half  leather,  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  oo 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  50 


Smith's  Manual  in  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Sondericker's  Graphic  Statics,  with  Applications  to  Trusses,  Beams,  and  Arches. 

8vo,  2  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Trautwine's  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Venable's  Garbage  Crematories  in  America 8vo,  2  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Warren's  Stereotomy — Problems  in  Stone-cutting 8vo,  2  50 

Webb's  Problems  in  the  Use  and  Adjustment  of  Engineering  Instruments. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 


BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS. 

Boiler's  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Iron  Highway  Bridges.  .8vo,  2  oo 

*       Thames  River  Bridge 4to,  paper,  5  oo 

Burr's  Course  on  the  Stresses  in  Bridges  and  Roof  Trusses,  Arched  Ribs,  and 

Suspension  Bridges 8vo,  3  50 

Burr  and  Falk's  Influence  Lines  for  Bridge  and  Roof  Computations 8vo,  3  oo 

Design  and  Construction  of  Metallic  Bridges 8vo  5  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

Foster's  Treatise  on  Wooden  Trestle  Bridges 4to,  5  oo 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

Greene's  Roof  Trusses 8vo,  i  25 

Bridge  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Arches  in  Wood,  Iron,  and  Stone 8vo  2  50 

Howe's  Treatise  on  Arches 8vo,  4  oo 

Design  of  Simple  Roof-trusses  in  Wood  and  Steel 8vo,  2  oo 

Symmetrical  Masonry  Arches 8vo,  2  50 

Johnson,  Bryan,  and  Turneaure's  Theory  and  Practice  in  the  Designing  of 

Modern  Framed  Structures Small  410,  10  oo 

Merrirr    :  "nd  Jacoby's  Text-book  on  Roofs  and  Bridges: 

_  .  •    .,     Stresses  in  Simple  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

i..:   Ml,     Jraphic  Statics .  .8vo,  2  50 

Fart  III.  Bridge  Design 8vo,  2  50 

Part  IV.   Higher-  Structures 8vo,  2  50 

Morison's  Memphis  Bridge 4*0,  10  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus,  a  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers.  .  i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

*  Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  50 

Wright's  Designing  of  Draw-spans.     Two  parts  in  one  volume 8vo,  3  50 


HYDRAULICS. 

Barnes's  Ice  Formation 8vo,  3  oo 

Bazin's  Experiments  upon  the  Contraction  of  the  Liquid  Vein  Issuing  from 

an  Orifice.     (Trautwine.) 8vo,  2  oo 

Bovey's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Diagrams  of  Mean  Velocity  of  Water  in  Open  Channels paper,  i  50 

Hydraulic  Motors 8vo,  2  oo 

Coffin's  Graphical  Solution  of  Hydrr.ulic  Problems i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power I2mo,  3  oo 

7 


FolwelTs  Water-supply  Engineering Svo,,  4  oo 

Frizell's  Water-power 8vcv  5  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works i2mo,  2  50 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  General  Formula  for  the  Uniform  Flow  of  Water  in 

Rivers  and  Other  Channels.     (Hering  and  Trautwine.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supply 8vo,  3  oo 

Hazlehurst's  Towers  and  Tanks  for  Water- works .8vo,  2  50 

Herschel's  115  Experiments  on  the  Carrying  Capacity  of  Large,  Riveted;,  Metal 

Conduits 8vo,  2  oo 

Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Schuyler's   Reservoirs   for  Irrigation,   Water-power,  and   Domestic   Water- 
supply Large  8vo,  5  oo 

*  Thomas  and  Watt's  Improvement  of  Rivers 4to,  6  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

"Wegmann's  Design  and  Construction  of  Dams 4to,  5  oo 

Water-supply  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1658  to  1895 4to,  10  oo 

Whipple's  Value  of  Pure  Water Large  i2mo,  i  oo 

Williams  and  Hazen's  Hydraulic  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Wilson's  Irrigation  Engineering .  .Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 


MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction.  . ; 8vo,  5  oo 

Roads  and  Pavements 8vo,  5  oo 

Black's  United  States  Public  Works Oblong  4to,  5  oo 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering 8vo,  7  50 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Inspection  of  the  Materials  and  Workmanship  Employed  in  Construction. 

i6mo,  3  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics-of  Engineering.     Vol.  I Small  4to,  7  50 

*Eckel's  Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters : 8vo,  6  oo 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

Graves's  Forest  Mensuration 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Marten's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.)     2  vols 8vo,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Practical  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  oo 

Richardson's  Modern  Asphalt  Pavements 8vo,  3  oo 

Richey's  Handbook  for  Superintendents  of  Construction i6mo,  mor.,  4  oo 

*  Ries's  Clays:  Their  Occurrence,  Properties,  and  Uses 8vo,  5  oo 

Rockwell's  Roads  and  Pavements  in  France i2mo,  i  25 

8 


Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

*Schwarz's  Longleaf  Pine  in  Virgin  Forest,., izmo,  I  25 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oo 

Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  50 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement I2mo,  2  oo 

Text-book  on  Roads  and  Pavements i2mo,  2  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     3  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering  and  Metallurgy 8vo,  2  oo 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Tillson's  Street  Pavements  and  Paving  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

WaddelFs  De  Pontibus.    (A  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers.).  .i6mo,  mor.,  2  oo 

*         Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  50 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials,  and  an  Appendix  on 

the  Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo,  4  oo 


RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Andrew's  Handbook  for  Street  Railway  Engineers 3x5  inches,  morocco,  I  25 

Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 4to,  5  oo 

Brook's  Handbook  of  Street  Railroad  Location i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Butt's  Civil  Engineer's  Field-book i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Crandall's  Transition  Curve i6mo,  morocco,  I  50 

Railway  and  Other  Earthwork  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  .  i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Dredge's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad:   (1879) Paper,  5  oo 

Fisher's  Table  of  Cubic  Yards Cardboard,  25 

Godwin's  Railroad  Engineers'  Field-book  and  Explorers'  Guide.  .  .  i6mo,  mor.,  2  50 
Hudson's  Tables  for  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Em- 
bankments  ' 8vo,  i  oo 

Molitor  and  Beard's  Manual  for  Resident  Engineers i6mo,  i  oo 

Nagle's  Field  Manual  for  Railroad  Engineers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Philbrick's  Field  Manual  for  Engineers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Searles's  Field  Engineering i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Railroad  Spiral i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Taylor's  Prismoidal  Formulae  and  Earthwork 8vo,  i  50 

*  Trautwine's  Method  of  Calculating  the  Cube  Contents  of  Excavations  and 

Embankments  by  the  Aid  of  Diagrams 8vo,  2  oo 

The  Field  Practice  of  Laying  Out  Circular  Curves  for  Railroads. 

I2mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Cross-section  Sheet Paper,  25 

Webb's  Railroad  Construction i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Economics  of  Railroad  Construction Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Wellington's  Economic  Theory  of  the  Location  of  Railways Small  8vo,  5  oo 


DRAWING. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  ««  "  "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,  150 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

9 


Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers  Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo,  2  50 

Hill's  Text-book  on  Shades  and  Shadows,  and  Perspective.  . .,, 8vo,  2  oo 

Jamison's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Advanced  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

MacCord's  Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  3  oo 

Kinematics ;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

MacLeod's  Descriptive  Geometry.. Small  8vo,  i  50 

*  Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry  and  Stone-cutting 8vo,  i  50 

Industrial  Drawing.  (Thompson.). 8vo,  3  50 

Moyer's  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  oo 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (R.  S.)  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.  (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Titsworth's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing Oblong  8vo,  i  25 

Warren's  Elements  of  Plane  and  Solid  Free-hand  Geometrical  Drawing.  i2mo,  i  oo 

Drafting  Instruments  and  Operations i2mo,  i   25 

Manual  of  Elementary  Projection  Drawing i2mo,  i  50 

Manual  of  Elementary  Problems  in  the  Linear  Perspective  of  Form  and 

Shadow 12010,  i   oo 

Plane  Problems  in  Elementary  Geometry i2mo,  i  25 

Primary  Geometry. i2mo,  75 

Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry,  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  3  50 

General  Problems  of  Shades  and  Shadows 8vo,  3  oo 

Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Problems,  Theorems,  and  Examples  in  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  50 

Weisbach's    Kinematics    and  v  Power    of    Transmission.        (Hermann    and 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whelpley's  Practical  Instruction  in  the  Art  of  Letter  Engraving.  .....  .  i2mo,  2  oo 

Wilson's  (H.  M.)  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  (V.  T.)  Free-hand  Perspective. .... 8vo.  2  50 

Wilson's  (V.  T.)  Free-hand  Lettering 8vo,  i  oo 

Woolf's  Elementary  Course  in  Descriptive  Geometry Large  8vo,  3  oo 


ELECTRICITY  AND  PHYSICS. 

*  Abegg's  Theory  of  Electrolytic  Dissociation.     (Von  Ende.) i2mo,  i   25 

Anthony  and  Brackett's  Text-book  of  Physics.     (Magie.) Small  8vo  3  oo 

Anthony's  Lecture-notes  on  the  Theory  of  Electrical  Measurements.  .  .  .  12 mo,  i  oo 

Benjamin's  History  of  Electricity 8vo,  3  oo 

Voltaic  Cell 8vo,  3  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.     (Boltwood.).8vo,  3  oo 

*  Collins's  Manual  of  Wireless  Telegraphy i2mo,  i  50 

Morocco,  2  oo 

Crehore  and  Squier's  Polarizing  Photo-chronograph 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Danneel's  Electrochemistry.     (Merriam.) I2mo,  i   25 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

10 


Dolezalek's    Theory    of    the    Lead    Accumulator    (Storage    Battery).      (Von 

Ende. ) I2mo,  2  50 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power I2mo,  3  oo 

Gilbert's  De  Magnete.     (Mottelay.) 8vo,  2  50 

Hanchett's  Alternating  Currents  Explained i2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Hohnan's  Precision  of  Measurements 8vo,  2  OO 

Telescopic   Mirror-scale  Method,  Adjustments,  and  Tests.  . .  .Large  8vo,  75 

Kinzbrunner's  Testing  of  Continuous-current  Machines 8vo,  2  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Le  Chateliers  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess.)  i2mo,  3  oo 

Lob's  Electrochemistry  of  Organic  Compounds.     (Lorenz.) 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Lyons'?  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.   Vols.  I.  and  II.  8vo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Wave  Motion  Relating  to  Sound  and  Light 8vo,  4  oo 

Niaudet's  Elementary  Treatise  on  Electric  Batteries.     (Fishback.) i2mo,  2  50 

*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design 4to,  half  morocco,  12  50 

Reagan's  Locomotives:    Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric.      New  Edition. 

Large  i2mo,  3  50 

*  Rosenberg's  Electrical  Engineering.     (Haldane  Gee — Kinzbrunner. ).  .  .8vo,  2  oo 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     Vol.  1 8vo,  2  50 

Thurston's  Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  i  50 

Tory  and  Pitcher's  Manual  of  Laboratory  Physics Small  8vo,  2  oo 

Ulke's  Modem  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 


LAW. 

*  Davis's  Elements  of  Law 8vo,  2  50 

*  Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  United  States 8vo,  7  oo 

*  Sheep,  7  50 

*  Dudley's  Military  Law  and  the  Procedure  cf  Courts-martial  .  .  .  .Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  morocco,  I  50 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law i2mo,  2  50 


MANUFACTURES. 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder — Nitro-cellulose  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  2  50 

Holland's  Iron  Founder i2mo,  2  50 

The  Iron  Founder,"  Supplement I2mo,  2  50 

Encyclopedia  of  Founding  and  Dictionary  of  Foundry  Terms  Used  in  the 

Practice  of  Moulding i2mo,  3  oo 

*  Claassen's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture.    (Hall  and  Rolfe.) 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Eckel's  Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters 8vo,  6  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Effront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist I2mo,  i  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Herrick's  Denatured  or  Industrial  Alcohol 8vo,  400 

Hopkin's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,  3  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

11 


Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control. Large  8vo,  7  50 

*  McKay  and  Larsen's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Butter-making 8vo,  i  50 

Matthews's  The  Textile  Fibres,   ad  Edition,  Rewritten  , .  .8vo,  4  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Metcalfe'f  Cost  of  Manufactures — And  the  Administration  of  Workshops. 8vo,  5  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing. 8vo,  25  oo 

Rice's  Concrete-block  Manufacture 8vo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement 12010,  2  oo 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo  morocco,  3  oo 

Handbook  for  Cane  Sugar  Manufacturers i6mo  morocco,  3  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

Thurston's  Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction  and  Opera- 
tion  8vo,  5  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Ware's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture  and  Refining.    Vol.1 ..     Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Vol.  II 8vo,  5  oo 

Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

West's  American  Foundry  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Moulder's  Text-book i2mo,  2  50 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings:   Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and  Steel.  .8vo,  4  oo 


MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's  Elliptic  Functions.  c .  „ 8vo,  i  50 

*  Bass's  Elements  of  Differential  Calculus I2mo,  4  oo 

Briggs's  Elements  of  Plane  Analytic  Geometry I2mo,  oo 

Compton's  Manual  of  Logarithmic  Computations i2mo  50 

Davis's  Introduction  to  the  Logic  of  Algebra 8vo,  50 

*  Dickson's  College  Algebra Large  i2mos  50 

*  Introduction  to  the  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equations Large  i2mo,  25 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo  50 

Halsted's  Elements  of  Geometry .  8vo,  75 

Elementary  Synthetic  Geometry,, .8vo,  50 

50 


Rational  Geometry I2mo, 

*  Jphnson's  (J.  B.)  Three-place  Logarithmic  Tables:   Vest-pocket  size. paper,  15 

100  copies  for  5  oo 

*  Mounted  on  heavy  cardboard,  8X  10  inches,  25 

10  copies  for  2  oo 

Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Elementary  Treatise  on  Differential  Calculus .  .  Small  8vo,  3  oo 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Small*8vo,  i  50 

Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Curve  Tracing  in  Cartesian  Co-ordinates, i2mo,  i  oo 

Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Treatise  on  Ordinary  and  PartiaF  Differential  Equations. 

Small  8vo,  3  50 

Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theory  of  Errors  and  the  Method  of  Least  Squares. i2mo,  i  50 

*  Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theoretical  Mechanics i2mo,  3  oo 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.    (Truscott  and  Emory.) .  i2mo,  2  oo 

*  Ludlow  and  Bass.     Elements  of  Trigonometry  and  Logarithmic  and  Other 

Tables 8vo,  3  oo 

Trigonometry  and  Tables  published  separately Each,  2  oc 

*  Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Trigonometric  Tables 8vo  i  oo 

Manning's  Irrational  Numbers  and  their  Representation  by  Sequences  and  Series 

i2mo,  i  25 

12 


Mathematical  Monographs.     Edited  by  Mansfield  Merriman  and  Robert 

S.  Woodward Octavo,  each     i  oo 

No.  i.  History  of  Modern  Mathematics,  by  David  Eugene  Smith. 
No.  2.  Synthetic  Projective  Geometry,  by  George  Bruce  Halsted. 
No.  3.  Determinants,  by  Laenas  Gifford  Weld.  No.  4.  Hyper- 
bolic Functions,  by  James  McMahon.  No.  5.  Harmonic  Func- 
tions, by  William  E.  Byerly.  No.  6.  Grassmann's  Space  Analysis, 
by  Edward  W.  Hyde.  No.  7.  Probability  and  Theory  of  Errors, 
by  Robert  S.  Woodward.  No.  8.  Vector  Analysis  and  Quaternions, 
by  Alexander  Macfarlane.  No.  9.  Differential  Equations,  by 
William  Woolsey  Johnson.  No.  10.  The  Solution  of  Equations, 
by  Mansfield  Merriman.  No.  n.  Functions  of  a  Complex  Variable, 
by  Thomas  S.  Fiske. 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,    4  oo 

Merriman's  Method  of  Least  Squares 8vo,    2  oo 

Rice  and  Johnson's  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Differential  Calculus. .  Sm.  8vo,    3  oo 

Differential  and  Integral  Calculus.     2  vols.  in  one Small  8vo,    2  50 

*  Veblen  and  Lennes's  Introduction  to  the  Real  Infinitesimal  Analysis  of  One 

Variable 8vo,   2  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry 8vo,    2  oo 

Trigonometry:   Analytical,  Plane,  and  Spherical i2mo,    i  oo 


MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING,  STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Bacon's  Forge  Practice i2mo,  i  50 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings I2mo,  2  50 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "                                     "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,  i  50 

Benjamin's  Wrinkles  and  Recipes i2mo,  2  oo 

Carpenter's  Experimental  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Heating  and  Ventilating  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

Clerk's  Gas  and  Oil  Engine Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  En- 
gineers   Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing I2mo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo,  i  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers  and  the  Measurement  of  Power I2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving I2mo,  2  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers I2mo,  i  25 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Button's  The  das  Engine 8vo,  5  oo 

Jamison's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket-book i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop,  Tools,  and  Methods 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.    (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean.)  .  .  8vo,  4  oo 
MacCord's  Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams. 8vo,  i  50 

13 


MacFar land's  Standard  Reduction  Factors  for  Gases 8vo,  i  50 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design.  8vo,  3  oo 

Richard's  Compressed  Air I2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (O.)  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's   Treatise    on    Friction  and   Lost   Work   in   Machinery   and   Mill 

Work 8vo,  3  oo 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Tillson's  Complete  Automobile  Instructor i6mo,  i  50 

Morocco,  2  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    the    Power    of    Transmission.     (Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.).  .8vo,  5  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

MATERIALS  OP   ENGINEERING. 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,    7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering.    6th  Edition. 

Reset 8vo,  7  50 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.) 8vo,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines I2mo,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering 3  vols.,  8vo,  8  oo 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,    3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,    2  50 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials  and  an  Appendix  on 

the  Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,    2  oo 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,    3  oo 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo,    4  oo 

STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Berry's  Temperature-entropy  Diagram i2mo,  I  25 

Carnot's  Reflections  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.     (Thurston.) 12 mo,  i  50 

Creighton's  Steam-engine  and  other  Heat-motors.. . 8vo,  500 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  . .  .i6mo,  mor.,  5  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo,  2  oo 

Locomotive  Performance 8vo,  5  oo 

Hemenway's  Indicator  Practice  and  Steam-engine  Economy 12010,  2  oo 

14 


Button's  Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants 8vo,  5  oo 

Heat  and  Heat-engines 8vo.  5  oo 

Kent's  Steam  boiler  Economy 8vo,  4  oo 

Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector 8vo,  i   50 

MacCord's  Slide-valves 8vo,  2  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Peabody's  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine  Indicator i2mo>  i  50 

Tables  of  the  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  and  Other  Vapors    8vo,  i  oo 

Thermodynami:s  of  the  Steam-engine  and  Other  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Valve-gears  for  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Peabody  and  Miller's  Steam-boilers 8vo,  4  oo 

Pray's  Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator Large  8vo,  2  50 

Pupin's  Thermodynamics  of  Reversible  Cycles  in  Gases  and  Saturated  Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) 12 mo,  i  25 

Reagan's  Locomotives:    Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric.     New  Edition. 

Large  i2mo,  3  50 

Rontgen's  Principles  of  Thermodynamics.     (Du  Bois.) .8vo,  5  ofl> 

Sinclair's  Locomotive  Engine  Running  and  Management I2mo,  2  oo 

Smart's  Handbook  of  Engineering  Laboratory  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Snow's  Steam-boiler  Practice 8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler's  Valve-gears 8vo,  2  50 

Notes  on  Thermodynamics i2mo,  i  oo 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thomas's  Steam-turbines 8vo,  3  50 

Thurston's  Handy  Tables 8vo,  i   50 

Manual  of  the  Steam-engine 2  vols.,  8vo,  10  oo 

Part  I.     History,  Structure,  and  Theory 8vo,  6  oo 

Part  II.     Design,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  6  oo 

Handbook  of  Engine  and  Boiler  Trials,  and  the  Use  of  the  Indicator  and 

the  Prony  Brake 8vo,  5  oo 

Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Steam-boiler  Explosions  in  Theory  and  in  Practice i2ino,     i  50 

Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction,  and  Operation .  8vo,  5  oo 

Wehrenfenning's  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed-water  (Patterson)  8vo,  4  oo 

Weisbach's  Heat,  Steam,  and  Steam-engines.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whitham's  Steam-engine  Design 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Thermodynamics,  Heat  Motors,  and  Refrigerating  Machines.  .  .8vo,  4  oo 


MECHANICS  AND  MACHINERY. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures   8vo,  7  50 

Chase's  The  Art  of  Pattern-making ' i2mo,  2  50 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo,  2  oo 


Compton's  First  Lessons  in  Metal-working i2mo, 

Compton  and  De  Groodt's  The  Speed  Lathe I2mo, 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing i2mo, 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys I2mo, 

Dana's  Text-book  of  Elementary  Mechanics  for  Colleges  and  Schools.  .i2mo, 


Dingey's  Machinery  Pattern  Making i2mo, 

Dredge's   Record  of   the   Transportation  Exhibits  Building  of  the   World's 

Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to  half  morocco,    5  oo 

Du  Bois's  Elementary  Principles  of  Mechanics: 

Vol.      I.     Kinematics 8vo,    3  50 

Vol.    II.     Statics 8vo.    4  oo 

Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.    I Small  4to,    7  50 

Vol.  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,    4  oo 

15 


Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i6mo,  i  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo,  2  oo 

Locomotive  Performance 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics • 8vo,  2  50 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Holly's  Art  of  Saw  Filing i8mo,  75 

James's  Kinematics  of  a  Point  and  the  Rational  Mechanics  of  a  Particle. 

Small  8vo,  2  oo 

*  Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theoretical  Mechanics i2mo,  3  oo 

Johnson's  (L.  J.)  Statics  by  Graphic  and  Algebraic  Methods Svo,  2  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part    I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery .' 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop,  Tools,  and  Methods 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.     (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean.). 8vo,  4  oo 
MacCord's  Kinematics;   or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

*  Martin's  Text  Book  on  Mechanics,  Vol.  I,  Statics -i2mo,  i  25 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Elements  of  Mechanics i2mo,  i  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics. 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design 4to,  half  morocco,  12  50 

Reagan's  Locomotives :  Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric.     New  Edition. 

Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Richards's  Compressed  Air i2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     Vol.  1 8vo,  2  50 

Sanborn's  Mechanics :  Problems Large  i2mo,  i   50 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Sinclair's  Locomotive-engine  Running  and  Management i2mo,  2  oo 

Smith's  (O.)  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (A.  W.)  Materials  of  Machines I2mo,  i  oo 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Treatise  on  Friction  and  Lost  Work  in    Machinery  and    Mill 

Work 8vo,  3  oo 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics.  i2mo,  i  oo 

Tillson's  Complete  Automobile  Instructor i6mo,  i  50 

Morocco,  2  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing Svo,  7  50 

Weisbach's  Kinematics  and  Power  of  Transmission.   (Herrmann — Klein.).  Svo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.      (Herrmann — Klein.). Svo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics Svo,  3  oo 

Principles  of  Elementary  Mechanics izrno,  i  25 

Turbines Svo,  2  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  i  oo 

MEDICAL. 

De  Fursac's  Manual  of  Psychiatry.     (Rosanoff  and  Collins.) Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Ehrlich's  Collected  Studies  on  Immunity.     (Bolduan.) Svo,  6  q» 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  on  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) Svo,  4  fo 

16 


Lassar-Cohn's  Practical  Urinary  Analysis.     (Lorenz.) 1210.0,  i  oo 

*  Pauli's  Physical  Chemistry  in  the  Service  of  Medicine.     (Fischer.) .  .  .  .  i2mo,  i  25 

*  Pozzi-Escot's  The  Toxins  and  Venoms  and  their  Antibodies.     (Cohn.).  i2mo,  i  oo 

Rostoski's  Serum  Diagnosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.) 8vo,  2  50 

*  Satterlee'*  Outlines  of  Human  Embryology izmo,  i  25 

Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog 8vo,  3  50 

Von  Behring's  Suppression  of  Tuberculosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Wassermann's  Immune  Sera :  Haemolysis,  Cytotoxins,  and  Precipitins.     (Bol- 
duan.)   1 2mo,  cloth,  i  oo 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 

*  Personal  Hygiene i2mo,  i  oo 

Wulling's  An  Elementary  Course  in  Inorganic  Pharmaceutical  and  Medical 

Chemistry i2mo,  2  oo 

METALLURGY. 

Egleston's  Metallurgy  of  Silver,  Gold,  and  Mercury: 

Vol.    I.     Silver 8vo,  7  50 

Vol.  II.     Gold  and  Mercury 8vo,  7  50 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals:     A  Reference  Book , . .  .  .  i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

*  Iles's  Lead-smelting i2mo,  2  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  i  50 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess.  )i2mo,  3  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users 12010,  2  oo 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process i2mo,  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.). . .  .  i2mo,  2  50 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines 121110,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part    II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 


MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's  Description  of  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value.    Oblong,  morocco,  2  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virignia Pocket-book  form.  2  oo 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements....' 8vo,    150 

Brush's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy.     (Penfield.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Chester's  Catalogue  of  Minerals 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Cloth,  i  25 

Dictionary  of  the  Names  of  Minerals 8vo,  3  50 

Dana's  System  of  Mineralogy Large  8vo,  half  leather,  12  50 

First  Appendix  to  Dana's  New  "  System  of  Mineralogy." Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Text-book  of  Mineralogy. 8vo,  4  oo 

Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them 1 21110.  i  50 

Catalogue  of  American  Localities  of  Minerals Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Petrography i2mo  2  oo 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects i2mo,  i  oo 

Eakle's  Mineral  Tables , 8vo,  i  25 

Egleston's  Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms 8vo,  2  50 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall) 12 mo,  i  25 

17 


Iddings's  Rock  Minerals 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe.  121110,  60 
Merrill's  Non-metallic  Minerals:   Their  Occurrence  and  Uses 8vo,  4  oo 

Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 

*  Richards's  Synopsis  of  Mineral  Characters lamo,  morocco,  i  25 

*  Ries's  Clays:  Their  Occurrence,  Properties,  and  Uses 8vo,  5  oo 

Rosenbusch's   Microscopical   Physiography   of   the    Rock-making  Minerals. 

(Iddings.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Tillman's  Text-book  of  Important  Minerals  and  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo 


MINING. 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vos  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form  2  oo 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects i2mo,  i  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives t 8~.->  4  .  >r, 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Goodyear's  Coal-mines  of  the  Western  Coa.t  of  the  United  States 12 mo,  2  50 

Ihlseng's  Manual  of  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Iles's  Lead-smelting i2mo,  2  50 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  i  50 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process i2mo,  i  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes i2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process i2mo,  i  50 

Hydraulic  and  Placer  Mining I2mo,  2  oo 

Treatise  on  Practical  and  Theoretical  Mine  Ventilation T2mo,  i  25 


SANITARY  SCIENCE. 

Bashore's  Sanitation  of  a  Country  House I2mo,  i  oo 

*  Outlines  of  Practical  Sanitation i2mo,  i  25 

Folwell's  Sewerage.     (Designing,  Construction,  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Water-supply  Engineering. 8vo,  4  oo 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses I2mo,  2  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works I2mo,  2  50 

Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  House-inspection  . i6mo,  i  oo 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  3  oo 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control 8vo,  7  50 

Mason's  Water-supply.  (Considered  principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint)  8vo,  4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.) I2mo,  i  25 

*  Merriman's  Elements  of  Sanitary  Engineering 8vo,  2  oo 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2tno,  2  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis I2mo,  i  25 

*  Price's  Handbook  on  Sanitation I2mo,  I  50 

Richards's  Cost  of  Food.     A  Study  in  Dietaries I2mo,  i  oo 

Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science i2mo,  i  oo 

Cost  of  Shelter "mo,  i  oo 

18 


Richards   and   Woodman's  Air.   Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Stand- 
point  8vo,  2  oo 

*  Richards  and  Williams's  The  Dietary  Computer 8vo,  i  50 

Rideal's  S  wage  and  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  4  oo 

Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo,  400 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Von  Behring's  Suppression  of  Tuberculosis.     (Bolduan.) I2mo,  i  oo 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo,  7  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 

*  Personal  Hygiene i2mo,  i  oo 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Emmons's  Geological  Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Excursion  of  the 

International  Congress  of  Geologists Large  8vo,  i  50 

Ferrel's  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Winds 8vo,  4  oo 

Gannett's  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  World 24mo  75 

Haines's  American  Railway  Management i2mo,  2  50 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  1824-1894.  .Small  8vo,  3  oo 

Rotherham's  Emphasized  New  Testament ,..,...-..  .Large  8vo,  2  oo 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  i  oc 

Winslow's  Elements  of  Applied  Microscopy i2mo.  i  50 


HEBREW  AND  CHALDEE  TEXT-BOOKS. 

Green's  Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar I2mo,  i  25 

Hebrew  Chrestomathy 8vo,  2  oo 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Lexicon  to  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small  4to,  half  morocco,  5  oo 

Letteris's  Hebrew  Bible 8vo,  2  25 

19 


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